Chapter 4.Integration of Functions 4.0 Introduction Numerical integration,which is also called quadrature,has a history extending 11800-41 back to the invention of calculus and before.The fact that integrals of elementary functions could not,in general,be computed analytically,while derivatives could Popl be,served to give the field a certain panache,and to set it a cut above the arithmetic drudgery of numerical analysis during the whole of the 18th and 19th centuries. 二NIS3 With the invention of automatic computing,quadrature became just one numer- ical task among many,and not a very interesting one at that.Automatic computing, C:THEA even the most primitive sort involving desk calculators and rooms full of"computers" 9 (that were,until the 1950s,people rather than machines),opened to feasibility the 竖8 much richer field of numerical integration of differential equations.Quadrature is merely the simplest special case:The evaluation of the integral f(x)dx (4.0.1) is precisely equivalent to solving for the value I=y(b)the differential equation dy dx =f() (4.0.2) 20521 with the boundary condition y(a)=0 (4.0.3 Chapter 16 of this book deals with the numerical integration of differential (outside equations.In that chapter,much emphasis is given to the concept of"variable"or Software. "adaptive"choices of stepsize.We will not,therefore,develop that material here. If the function that you propose to integrate is sharply concentrated in one or more peaks,or if its shape is not readily characterized by a single length-scale,then it America) is likely that you should cast the problem in the form of(4.0.2)-(4.0.3)and use the methods of Chapter 16. The quadrature methods in this chapter are based,in one way or another,on the obvious device of adding up the value of the integrand at a sequence of abscissas within the range of integration.The game is to obtain the integral as accurately as possible with the smallest number of function evaluations of the integrand.Just as in the case of interpolation (Chapter 3),one has the freedom to choose methods 129
Permission is granted for internet users to make one paper copy for their own personal use. Further reproduction, or any copyin Copyright (C) 1988-1992 by Cambridge University Press. Programs Copyright (C) 1988-1992 by Numerical Recipes Software. Sample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (ISBN 0-521-43108-5) g of machinereadable files (including this one) to any server computer, is strictly prohibited. To order Numerical Recipes books or CDROMs, visit website http://www.nr.com or call 1-800-872-7423 (North America only), or send email to directcustserv@cambridge.org (outside North America). Chapter 4. Integration of Functions 4.0 Introduction Numerical integration, which is also called quadrature, has a history extending back to the invention of calculus and before. The fact that integrals of elementary functions could not, in general, be computed analytically, while derivatives could be, served to give the field a certain panache, and to set it a cut above the arithmetic drudgery of numerical analysis during the whole of the 18th and 19th centuries. With the invention of automatic computing, quadrature became just one numerical task among many, and not a very interesting one at that. Automatic computing, even the most primitive sort involving desk calculators and rooms full of “computers” (that were, until the 1950s, people rather than machines), opened to feasibility the much richer field of numerical integration of differential equations. Quadrature is merely the simplest special case: The evaluation of the integral I = b a f(x)dx (4.0.1) is precisely equivalent to solving for the value I ≡ y(b) the differential equation dy dx = f(x) (4.0.2) with the boundary condition y(a)=0 (4.0.3) Chapter 16 of this book deals with the numerical integration of differential equations. In that chapter, much emphasis is given to the concept of “variable” or “adaptive” choices of stepsize. We will not, therefore, develop that material here. If the function that you propose to integrate is sharply concentrated in one or more peaks, or if its shape is not readily characterized by a single length-scale, then it is likely that you should cast the problem in the form of (4.0.2)–(4.0.3) and use the methods of Chapter 16. The quadrature methods in this chapter are based, in one way or another, on the obvious device of adding up the value of the integrand at a sequence of abscissas within the range of integration. The game is to obtain the integral as accurately as possible with the smallest number of function evaluations of the integrand. Just as in the case of interpolation (Chapter 3), one has the freedom to choose methods 129
130 Chapter 4.Integration of Functions of various orders,with higher order sometimes,but not always,giving higher accuracy."Romberg integration,"which is discussed in 84.3,is a general formalism for making use of integration methods of a variety of different orders,and we recommend it highly. Apart from the methods of this chapter and of Chapter 16,there are yet other methods for obtaining integrals.One important class is based on function approximation.We discuss explicitly the integration of functions by Chebyshev approximation(Clenshaw-Curtis"quadrature)in 85.9.Although not explicitly discussed here,you ought to be able to figure out how to do cubic spline quadrature using the output of the routine spline in $3.3.(Hint:Integrate equation 3.3.3 over z analytically.See [1].) Some integrals related to Fourier transforms can be calculated using the fast Fourier transform(FFT)algorithm.This is discussed in $13.9. Multidimensional integrals are another whole multidimensional bag of worms. 公 8 鱼君 Section 4.6 is an introductory discussion in this chapter;the important technique of Monte-Carlo integration is treated in Chapter 7. RECIPES CITED REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING: 9 Carnahan,B.,Luther,H.A,and Wilkes,J.O.1969,Applied Numerical Methods (New York: Wiley),Chapter 2. Isaacson,E.,and Keller,H.B.1966,Analysis of Numerica/Methods(New York:Wiley),Chapter 7. Acton,F.S.1970,Numerica/Methods That Work;1990,corrected edition (Washington:Mathe- matical Association of America),Chapter 4. Stoer,J.and Bulirsch,R.1980.Introduction to Numerical Analysis(New York:Springer-Verlag). S豆是日白 Chapter 3. Ralston,A.,and Rabinowitz,P.1978,A First Course in Numerical Analysis,2nd ed.(New York: McGraw-Hill),Chapter 4. 61 Dahlquist,G.,and Bjorck,A.1974,Numerica/Methods (Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall), 97.4. Kahaner,D.,Moler,C.,and Nash,S.1989,Numerica/Methods and Software (Englewood Cliffs. NJ:Prentice Hall),Chapter 5. Forsythe.G.E.,Malcolm,M.A.,and Moler,C.B.1977,Computer Methods for Mathematical Computations (Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall),85.2,p.89.[1] Davis,P.,and Rabinowitz,P.1984,Methods of Numerical Integration,2nd ed.(Orlando,FL: 心是 Academic Press). E喜 Numerical Recipes 10621 43106 (outside 4.1 Classical Formulas for Equally Spaced North Software. Abscissas Where would any book on numerical analysis be without Mr.Simpson and his "rule?The classical formulas for integrating a function whose value is known at equally spaced steps have a certain elegance about them,and they are redolent with historical association.Through them,the modern numerical analyst communes with the spirits of his or her predecessors back across the centuries,as far as the time of Newton,if not farther.Alas,times do change;with the exception of two of the most modest formulas("extended trapezoidal rule,"equation 4.1.11,and "extended
130 Chapter 4. Integration of Functions Permission is granted for internet users to make one paper copy for their own personal use. Further reproduction, or any copyin Copyright (C) 1988-1992 by Cambridge University Press. Programs Copyright (C) 1988-1992 by Numerical Recipes Software. Sample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (ISBN 0-521-43108-5) g of machinereadable files (including this one) to any server computer, is strictly prohibited. To order Numerical Recipes books or CDROMs, visit website http://www.nr.com or call 1-800-872-7423 (North America only), or send email to directcustserv@cambridge.org (outside North America). of various orders, with higher order sometimes, but not always, giving higher accuracy. “Romberg integration,” which is discussed in §4.3, is a general formalism for making use of integration methods of a variety of different orders, and we recommend it highly. Apart from the methods of this chapter and of Chapter 16, there are yet other methods for obtaining integrals. One important class is based on function approximation. We discuss explicitly the integration of functions by Chebyshev approximation (“Clenshaw-Curtis” quadrature) in §5.9. Although not explicitly discussed here, you ought to be able to figure out how to do cubic spline quadrature using the output of the routine spline in §3.3. (Hint: Integrate equation 3.3.3 over x analytically. See [1].) Some integrals related to Fourier transforms can be calculated using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. This is discussed in §13.9. Multidimensional integrals are another whole multidimensional bag of worms. Section 4.6 is an introductory discussion in this chapter; the important technique of Monte-Carlo integration is treated in Chapter 7. CITED REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING: Carnahan, B., Luther, H.A., and Wilkes, J.O. 1969, Applied Numerical Methods (New York: Wiley), Chapter 2. Isaacson, E., and Keller, H.B. 1966, Analysis of Numerical Methods (New York: Wiley), Chapter 7. Acton, F.S. 1970, Numerical Methods That Work; 1990, corrected edition (Washington: Mathematical Association of America), Chapter 4. Stoer, J., and Bulirsch, R. 1980, Introduction to Numerical Analysis (New York: Springer-Verlag), Chapter 3. Ralston, A., and Rabinowitz, P. 1978, A First Course in Numerical Analysis, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill), Chapter 4. Dahlquist, G., and Bjorck, A. 1974, Numerical Methods (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall), §7.4. Kahaner, D., Moler, C., and Nash, S. 1989, Numerical Methods and Software (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall), Chapter 5. Forsythe, G.E., Malcolm, M.A., and Moler, C.B. 1977, Computer Methods for Mathematical Computations (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall), §5.2, p. 89. [1] Davis, P., and Rabinowitz, P. 1984, Methods of Numerical Integration, 2nd ed. (Orlando, FL: Academic Press). 4.1 Classical Formulas for Equally Spaced Abscissas Where would any book on numerical analysis be without Mr. Simpson and his “rule”? The classical formulas for integrating a function whose value is known at equally spaced steps have a certain elegance about them, and they are redolent with historical association. Through them, the modern numerical analyst communes with the spirits of his or her predecessors back across the centuries, as far as the time of Newton, if not farther. Alas, times do change; with the exception of two of the most modest formulas (“extended trapezoidal rule,” equation 4.1.11, and “extended