A PPEND|×1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE A Selected Physical Properties of Representative Hydrocarbons Boiling Molecular Structural Melting Compound name formula point,C Alkanes Methane 182.5 Ethane CH CH3CH3 183.6 88.7 CH3 CH2 CH 187.6 42.2 Butane CH3 CH2 CH2CH 1390 -0.4 2-Methylpropane (CH3)3CH 160.9 Pentar CH3(CH2) CH3 1299 36.0 2-Methylbutane (CH3)2CHCH2 CH3 27.9 2,2-Dimethylpropane CsH (CH3)4C CaH CH3(CH2)4CH3 94.5 68.8 Heptane C7H16 CH3(CH2)sCH 90.6 Octane C8H18 CH3(CH2)sCH3 56.9 125.6 CH3(CH2)7 CH3 53.6 150.7 CH3(CH2)8CH 29 174.0 deca CH3(CH2)10CH 216.2 pentadecane CH3(CH2)13CH 10.0 272.7 CH3(CH2)18CH 36.7 05(15mm) CH3(CH2)98 CH 115.1 Cycloalkanes Cyclopropane 127.0 32.9 Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Cycloheptane 19.0 Cyclononane Cyclodecane 201 Cyclopentadecane 1125(1mm) Alkenes and cycloalkenes Ethene(ethylene C2H4 -169.1 103.7 3H6 CH3CH=CH CH3 CH2CH=CH 185 2-Methylpropene (CH3)2C=CH -140 Cyclopentene CsH 98.3 44.1 1 Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide Toc Student OLCMHHE Website
APPENDIX 1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES A-1 Compound name Alkanes Methane Ethane Propane Butane 2-Methylpropane Pentane 2-Methylbutane 2,2-Dimethylpropane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Dodecane Pentadecane Icosane Hectane Cycloalkanes Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Cycloheptane Cyclooctane Cyclononane Cyclodecane Cyclopentadecane Alkenes and cycloalkenes Ethene (ethylene) Propene 1-Butene 2-Methylpropene Cyclopentene Molecular formula CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C12H26 C15H32 C20H42 C100H202 C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 C6H12 C7H14 C8H16 C9H18 C10H20 C15H30 C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C4H8 C5H8 Melting point, °C 182.5 183.6 187.6 139.0 160.9 129.9 160.5 16.6 94.5 90.6 56.9 53.6 29.7 9.7 10.0 36.7 115.1 127.0 94.0 6.5 13.0 13.5 9.6 60.5 169.1 185.0 185 140 98.3 Boiling point, °C (1 atm) 160 88.7 42.2 0.4 10.2 36.0 27.9 9.6 68.8 98.4 125.6 150.7 174.0 216.2 272.7 205 (15 mm) 32.9 13.0 49.5 80.8 119.0 149.0 171 201 112.5 (1 mm) 103.7 47.6 6.1 6.6 44.1 Structural formula CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 (CH3)3CH CH3(CH2)3CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 (CH3)4C CH3(CH2)4CH3 CH3(CH2)5CH3 CH3(CH2)6CH3 CH3(CH2)7CH3 CH3(CH2)8CH3 CH3(CH2)10CH3 CH3(CH2)13CH3 CH3(CH2)18CH3 CH3(CH2)98CH3 CH2œCH2 CH3CHœCH2 CH3CH2CHœCH2 (CH3)2CœCH2 (Continued) TABLE A Selected Physical Properties of Representative Hydrocarbons
A-2 APPENDⅨX1 TABLE A Selected Physical Properties of Representative Hydrocarbons ( Continued) Boiling Molecular Structural Compound name formula point,° CH3CH2 CH2CH=CH 138.0 2-Methyl-2-butene 5H10 (CH3)2C=CHCH3 134.1 Cyclohexene 104.0 83.1 ChI CH CHCHCH=CH 138.0 2, 3-Dimethyl-2-butene C6H12 (CHa)2O C-C(cH3)2 73.5 ene CaH CH3(CH,)4CH=CH 1-Octene CH3(CH2)5CH=CH 119.2 CH3(CH2)7CH=CH 80.0 172.0 Ethyne(acetylene HC≡CH -81.8 84.0 Propyne CHC≡CH 15 -23.2 1-Butyne CH3CH2C≡CH 125.9 2-Butyne 32.3 1-Hexyne CH3(CH2)3C≡CH 132 3,3-DimethyI-1-butyne 1-Octyne CH3(CH2)5C≡CH 26.2 1-Nonyn CH3(CH2)6C≡CH 60.6 CH3(CH2)C≡CH Arenes Benzene 5.5 Toluene 1106 Styrene C8H8 CH=C p-Xylene H -CH3 Ethylbenzene 一CH2CH3 Naphthalene C 80.3 218 Diphenylmethane C13H12 Hs)2CH Triphenylmethane C1gH16(C6H5)3CH Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide Toc Student OLCMHHE Website
A-2 APPENDIX 1 Molecular formula C2H2 C3H4 C4H6 C4H6 C6H10 C6H10 C8H14 C9H16 C10H18 C6H10 C5H10 C5H10 C6H12 C6H12 C7H14 C8H16 C10H20 C6H6 C7H8 C8H8 C8H10 C8H10 C10H8 C13H12 C19H16 Melting point, °C 81.8 101.5 125.9 32.3 132.4 78.2 79.6 36.0 40.0 104.0 138.0 134.1 138.0 74.6 119.7 104 80.0 5.5 95 33 13 94 80.3 26 94 Boiling point, °C (1 atm) 84.0 23.2 8.1 27.0 71.4 37.7 126.2 160.6 182.2 83.1 30.2 38.4 63.5 73.5 94.9 119.2 172.0 80.1 110.6 145 138 136.2 218 261 Compound name Alkynes Ethyne (acetylene) Propyne 1-Butyne 2-Butyne 1-Hexyne 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne 1-Octyne 1-Nonyne 1-Decyne Cyclohexene 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-2-butene 1-Hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene 1-Heptene 1-Octene 1-Decene Arenes Benzene Toluene Styrene p-Xylene Ethylbenzene Naphthalene Diphenylmethane Triphenylmethane Structural formula HCPCH CH3CPCH CH3CH2CPCH CH3CPCCH3 CH3(CH2)3CPCH (CH3)3CCPCH CH3(CH2)5CPCH CH3(CH2)6CPCH CH3(CH2)7CPCH CH3CH2CH2CHœCH2 (CH3)2CœCHCH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CHœCH2 (CH3)2CœC(CH3)2 CH3(CH2)4CHœCH2 CH3(CH2)5CHœCH2 CH3(CH2)7CHœCH2 (C6H5)2CH2 (C6H5)3CH CH3 CH CH2 H3C CH3 CH2CH3 TABLE A Selected Physical Properties of Representative Hydrocarbons (Continued)
APPENDIX 1 TABLE B Selected Physical erties of Representative Organic Halogen Compounds Alkyl Halides Compound Structural Boiling point, C(1 atm Density,g/mL(20°g formula Fluoride Chloride bromide lodide chloride bromide lodide Halomethane CHaX 3 2458 38 1.4601933 0.8901.3531.739 CH3)2 CHX 913101.714 2CH2X 71.2761.615 2-Halobutane 0.873 1.26 1.597 1-Halo-2-methylpropane ( CH3)2CHCH2X 911210.8781.2641.603 2-Halo-2-methylpropane ( CH3)3CX 184 0.847 1.220 CH3(CH2)3CH2X 1.2161.516 CH3(CH2)4CH2x 0.879 1751439 1-Halooctane CH3(CH2)6CH2X 143 0.892 1.1181.336 Halocyclopentane 138 1.3881.694 Halocyclohexane 14 167 1920.9771.3241.626 Aryl Halides Halogen substituent (X)* Fluorine chlorine Bromin -45 132 .Cs HaX2 7-C5H4X2 173 1,3,5-C6H3X 271 CsX 230 327 *All boiling points and melting points cited are in degrees Celsius. Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide Toc Student OLCMHHE Website
APPENDIX 1 A-3 Boiling point, °C (1 atm) Density, g/mL (20°C) Fluoride 78 32 3 11 16 65 92 143 Chloride 24 12 47 35 78 68 68 51 108 134 183 114 142 Bromide 3 38 71 59 102 91 91 73 129 155 202 138 167 Iodide 42 72 103 90 130 120 121 99 157 180 226 166 192 Chloride 0.903 0.890 0.859 0.887 0.873 0.878 0.847 0.884 0.879 0.892 1.005 0.977 Bromide 1.460 1.353 1.310 1.276 1.261 1.264 1.220 1.216 1.175 1.118 1.388 1.324 Iodide 2.279 1.933 1.739 1.714 1.615 1.597 1.603 1.570 1.516 1.439 1.336 1.626 1.694 Structural formula CH3X CH3CH2X CH3CH2CH2X (CH3)2CHX CH3CH2CH2CH2X CH3CHCH2CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2X (CH3)3CX CH3(CH2)3CH2X CH3(CH2)4CH2X CH3(CH2)6CH2X X X W X Compound name Alkyl Halides Halomethane Haloethane 1-Halopropane 2-Halopropane 1-Halobutane 2-Halobutane 1-Halo-2-methylpropane 2-Halo-2-methylpropane 1-Halopentane 1-Halohexane 1-Halooctane Halocyclopentane Halocyclohexane Compound Aryl Halides C6H5X o-C6H4X2 m-C6H4X2 p-C6H4X2 1,3,5-C6H3X3 C6X6 Halogen substituent (X)* Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine mp 41 34 59 13 5 5 bp 85 91 83 89 76 80 mp 45 17 25 53 63 230 bp 132 180 173 174 208 322 mp 31 7 7 87 121 327 bp 156 225 218 218 271 mp 31 27 35 129 184 350 bp 188 286 285 285 *All boiling points and melting points cited are in degrees Celsius. TABLE B Selected Physical Properties of Representative Organic Halogen Compounds
A-4 APPENDⅨX1 TABLE C Selected Physical Properties of Representative Alcohols, Ethers, and Phenols Boiling g/100 mL H Methanol CHOH Ethanol CH3CH2OH 117 78 1-Propanol CHaCH, CH2OH 2-Propanol (CH3)2 CHOH 82 1-Butanol CHaCH, CH, CH2OH 117 2-Butanol CH3CHCH, CH3 100 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol COH 1-Pentanol 79 138 1-Hexano 1-Dodecanol 259 Cyclohexane Ethers Dimethyl ether CH3OCH 138.5 Very soluble Diethyl ether CH3 CH2OCH2 CH 116.3 CH3CH2 CH2OCH2 CH2 CH3 122 Diisopropyl ether (CH3)2 CHOCH(CH3) 1, 2-Dimethoxyethane CH3OCH2 CH2OCH3 Diethylene glycol CH3OCH2 CH2 OCH2 CH2OCHB 161 (diglyme) Ethylene oxide 10.7 Tetrahydrofuran 108.5 (Continued) Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide Toc Student OLCMHHE Website
A-4 APPENDIX 1 Compound name Alcohols Methanol Ethanol 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 1-Pentanol 1-Hexanol 1-Dodecanol Ethers Dimethyl ether Diethyl ether Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether 1,2-Dimethoxyethane Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme) Cyclohexanol Ethylene oxide Tetrahydrofuran Melting point, °C 94 117 127 90 90 115 108 26 79 52 26 138.5 116.3 122 60 25 111.7 108.5 Boiling point, °C (1 atm) 65 78 97 82 117 100 108 83 138 157 259 24 34.6 90.1 68.5 83 161 161 10.7 65 Solubility, g/100 mL H2O 9 26 10 0.6 Insoluble Very soluble 7.5 Slight 0.2 3.6 (Continued) Structural formula CH3OH CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CH2OH (CH3)2CHOH CH3CH2CH2CH2OH CH3CHCH2CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2OH (CH3)3COH CH3(CH2)3CH2OH CH3(CH2)4CH2OH CH3(CH2)10CH2OH W OH CH3OCH3 CH3CH2OCH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH3 (CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2 CH3OCH2CH2OCH3 CH3OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3 OH O O TABLE C Selected Physical Properties of Representative Alcohols, Ethers, and Phenols
APPENDIX 1 A-5 TABLE C Selected Physical Properties of Representative Alcohols, Ethers, and Phenols (Continued) Melting Boiling Solubility name point, oC g/100 mL H2O Phenols Phenol o-Cresol m-Cresol 203 o-Chlorophenol m-Chloropheno 214 p-Chlorophenol o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol 1257225%4% 217 867 217 1.3 p-Nitrophenol 279 1.6 1-Naphthol 279 Slight 2-Naphthol 122 285 Pyrocatechol 105 110 276 147.3 Hydroquinone 170 285 TABLE D Selected Physical Properties of Representative Aldehydes and Ketones Melting Structural formula 00 mL H2O Aldehyd Formaldehyde -21 Very soluble Acetaldehyde CHaCH 123.5 Propanal CH3CH2 CH -81 49.5 Buta CH3 CH2CH2CH 75.7 Benzaldehyde CsHsCH 178 0.3 Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide Toc Student OLCMHHE Website
APPENDIX 1 A-5 Compound name Phenols Phenol o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Pyrocatechol Resorcinol Hydroquinone Melting point, °C 43 31 12 35 7 32 42 45 96 114 96 122 105 110 170 Boiling point, °C 182 191 203 202 175 214 217 217 279 279 285 246 276 285 Solubility, g/100 mL H2O 8.2 2.5 0.5 1.8 2.8 2.6 2.7 0.2 1.3 1.6 Slight 0.1 45.1 147.3 6 TABLE C Selected Physical Properties of Representative Alcohols, Ethers, and Phenols (Continued) (Continued) Compound name Aldehydes Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propanal Butanal Benzaldehyde Melting point, °C 92 123.5 81 99 26 Boiling point, °C (1 atm) 21 20.2 49.5 75.7 178 Solubility, g/100 mL H2O Very soluble 20 4 0.3 Structural formula HCH X O CH3CH X O CH3CH2CH X O CH3CH2CH2CH X O C6H5CH X O TABLE D Selected Physical Properties of Representative Aldehydes and Ketones
A-6 APPENDⅨX1 TABLE D Selected Physical Properties of Representative Aldehydes and Ketones(Continued) Compound Melting Solubili Structural formula Ketones Acetone CHaCCH 94.8 2-Butanone CH3 CCH2 CH3 86.9 2-Pentanone CH3 CH3 778 102.4 3-Pentanone CHaCH2 CH 399 1020 4.7 Cyclopentanone -51.3 43.3 45 155 Acetophenone C6HsCCH3 202 Insoluble Benzophenone CeHsCCsH Insoluble TABLE E Selected Physical Properties of Representative Carboxylic Acids and Dicarboxylic Acids Structural Melting point,° Solubili formula point, (1 atm) g/100 mL H2O Carboxylic acids Formic acid HCO,H 8.4 101 Acetic acid CH3CO2H 16.6 118 Propanoic acid CH3CH2 CO2H 20.8 141 Butanoic acid CH3CH2 CH2CO2H Pentanoic acid CH3(CH2)3CO2H 34.5 186 33(16° Decanoic acid CHa(CH2)CO,H 31.4 0.003(15° HcO 1224 250 021(17° Dicarboxylic acids Oxalic acid HO2CCO2H Sublimes 10(20° Malonic acid HO2CCH2CO2H 130-135 Decompose 138(16 Succinic acid HO2CCH2 CH2CO2H 189 235 68(20° Glutaric acid HO2 CCH2 CH2 CH2CO2H 97.5 639(20° Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide Toc Student OLCMHHE Website
A-6 APPENDIX 1 Compound name Ketones Acetone 2-Butanone 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Cyclopentanone Cyclohexanone Acetophenone Benzophenone Melting point, °C 94.8 86.9 77.8 39.9 51.3 45 21 48 Boiling point, °C (1 atm) 56.2 79.6 102.4 102.0 130.7 155 202 306 Solubility, g/100 mL H2O 37 Slight 4.7 43.3 Insoluble Insoluble Structural formula CH3CCH3 X O CH3CCH2CH3 X O CH3CCH2CH2CH3 X O CH3CH2CCH2CH3 X O C6H5CCH3 X O C6H5CC6H5 X O O O TABLE D Selected Physical Properties of Representative Aldehydes and Ketones (Continued) Carboxylic acids Dicarboxylic acids Compound name Formic acid Acetic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid Pentanoic acid Decanoic acid Benzoic acid Oxalic acid Malonic acid Succinic acid Glutaric acid Melting point, °C 8.4 16.6 20.8 5.5 34.5 31.4 122.4 186 130–135 189 97.5 Boiling point, °C (1 atm) 101 118 141 164 186 269 250 Sublimes Decomposes 235 Solubility, g/100 mL H2O 3.3 (16°C) 0.003 (15°C) 0.21 (17°C) 10 (20°C) 138 (16°C) 6.8 (20°C) 63.9 (20°C) Structural formula HCO2H CH3CO2H CH3CH2CO2H CH3CH2CH2CO2H CH3(CH2)3CO2H CH3(CH2)8CO2H C6H5CO2H HO2CCO2H HO2CCH2CO2H HO2CCH2CH2CO2H HO2CCH2CH2CH2CO2H TABLE E Selected Physical Properties of Representative Carboxylic Acids and Dicarboxylic Acids
APPENDIX 1 TABLE F Selected pht Properties of Representative Amines Alkylamines Struct Compound name g/100 mL H2O -92.5 Very high Ethylamine CH3 CH2NH2 16.6 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2 77.8 Isobutylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine CH3)3CNH 67.5 45.2 amine CH3(CH2)5NH2 Slightly soluble Cyclohexylamine 134.5 CsHsCH2NH 184.5 Secondary amines Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH 55.5 Very soluble soluble N-Methylpropylamine 62 Piperidine 106.4 Tertiary amines CHeRN 117.1 Triethylamine (CH3 CH2)3N 114.7 N-Methylpiperidine H3 Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide Toc Student OLCMHHE Website
APPENDIX 1 A-7 Melting point, °C 92.5 80.6 50 85 104 67.5 19 18 10 10.5 92.2 50 3 117.1 114.7 Boiling point, °C 6.7 16.6 77.8 68 66 45.2 129 134.5 184.5 106.4 6.9 55.5 62.4 107 2.9 89.4 Solubility, g/100 mL H2O Very high Slightly soluble Very soluble Very soluble Soluble 41 Compound name Alkylamines Methylamine Ethylamine Butylamine Isobutylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Hexylamine Cyclohexylamine Benzylamine Piperidine Primary amines Dimethylamine Diethylamine N-Methylpropylamine Secondary amines N-Methylpiperidine Trimethylamine Triethylamine Tertiary amines Structural formula CH3NH2 CH3CH2NH2 CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 (CH3)2CHCH2NH2 CH3CH2CHNH2 (CH3)3CNH2 CH3(CH2)5NH2 C6H5CH2NH2 NH2 W CH3 (CH3)2NH (CH3CH2)2NH CH3NHCH2CH2CH3 N H (CH3)3N (CH3CH2)3N N CH3 (Continued) TABLE F Selected Physical Properties of Representative Amines
A-8 APPENDⅨX1 TABLE F Selected Physical Properties of Representative Amines (Continued) Arylamines Melting point°C Prim Aniline -6.3 m-Toluidine p-Toluidine o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroanilin p-Chloroaniline O-Nitroaniline m-Nitroaniline Secondary amines N-Methylaniline 57 N-Ethylaniline 205 Tertiary amines N, N-Dimethylaniline 2.4 194 Triphenylamine 127 365 Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide Toc Student OLCMHHE Website
A-8 APPENDIX 1 Melting point, °C 6.3 14.7 30.4 44 14 10 72.5 71.5 114 148 57 63 2.4 127 Boiling point, °C 184 200 203 200 209 230 232 284 306 332 196 205 194 365 Compound name Arylamines Aniline o-Toluidine m-Toluidine p-Toluidine o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Primary amines N-Methylaniline N-Ethylaniline Secondary amines N,N-Dimethylaniline Triphenylamine Tertiary amines TABLE F Selected Physical Properties of Representative Amines (Continued)
APPENDIX 2 ANSWERS TO IN-TEXT PROBLEMS Problems are of two types: in-text problems that appear within the body of each chapter, and end of-chapter problems. This appendix gives brief answers to all the in-text problems. More detailed discussions of in-text problems as well as detailed solutions to all the end-of-chapter problems are provided in a separate Study Guide and Student Solutions Manual. Answers to part(a) of those in-text problems with multiple parts have been provided in the form of a sample solution within ach chapter and are not repeated here. CHAPTER 1 1.2 All the third-row elements have a neon core containing 10 electrons(1s22s2p6).The ele ments in the third row, their atomic numbers Z, and their electron configurations beyond the neon core are nad(Z=113s;Mg(Z=12)32;A(Z=13)323p1;S(z=14)323p3py;P(=15) 3233p23p2;S(z=16)3s23p2323p2;Cl(z=17)3s23p23p23p2;Ar(z=18) 323p23p232 1.3 Those ions that possess a noble gas electron configuration are(a)K;(c)H;(e)F; and 1.4 Electron configuration of C+ is 1522322p'; electron configuration of C- is 1322322p.Nei rC nor C possesses a noble gas electron configuration 1.5H:F HH 1.6H:C:C:H HH H H 1.8 Carbon bears a partial positive charge in CH3 Cl. It is partially negative in both CH4 and CH3Li, but the degree of negative charge is greater in CH3Li 1.9 (b) Sulfur has a formal charge of +2 in the lewis struct sulfuric acid. the two oxygens bonded only to sulfur each have a formal charge of -l, and the oxygens and hydrogens of the two OH groups have no formal charge;(c)none of the atoms have a formal charge in the Lewis structure given for nitrous acid 1.10 The electron counts of nitrogen in ammonium ion and boron in borohydride ion are both 4 Chalf of 8 electrons in covalent bonds). Since a neutral nitrogen has 5 electrons in its valence shell an electron count of 4 gives it a formal charge of +1. a neutral boron has 3 valence electrons, so lat an electron count of 4 in borohydride ion corresponds to a formal charge of -1 A-9 Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide Toc Student OLCMHHE Website
APPENDIX 2 ANSWERS TO IN-TEXT PROBLEMS A-9 Problems are of two types: in-text problems that appear within the body of each chapter, and endof-chapter problems. This appendix gives brief answers to all the in-text problems. More detailed discussions of in-text problems as well as detailed solutions to all the end-of-chapter problems are provided in a separate Study Guide and Student Solutions Manual. Answers to part (a) of those in-text problems with multiple parts have been provided in the form of a sample solution within each chapter and are not repeated here. CHAPTER 1 1.1 4 1.2 All the third-row elements have a neon core containing 10 electrons (1s 2 2s 2 2p6 ). The elements in the third row, their atomic numbers Z, and their electron configurations beyond the neon core are Na(Z 11)3s 1 ; Mg(Z 12)3s 2 ; Al(Z 13) 3s 2 3px 1 ; Si(Z 14) 3s 2 3px 1 3py 1 ; P (Z 15) 3s 2 3px 1 3py 1 3pz 1 ; S (Z 16) 3s 2 3px 2 3py 1 3pz 1 ; Cl (Z 17) 3s 2 3px 2 3py 2 3pz 1 ; Ar (Z 18) 3s 2 3px 2 3py 2 3pz 2 . 1.3 Those ions that possess a noble gas electron configuration are (a) K; (c) H; (e) F; and (f) Ca2. 1.4 Electron configuration of C is 1s 2 2s 2 2p1 ; electron configuration of C is 1s 2 2s 2 2p3 . Neither C nor C possesses a noble gas electron configuration. 1.5 1.6 1.7 (b) (c) 1.8 Carbon bears a partial positive charge in CH3Cl. It is partially negative in both CH4 and CH3Li, but the degree of negative charge is greater in CH3Li. 1.9 (b) Sulfur has a formal charge of 2 in the Lewis structure given for sulfuric acid, the two oxygens bonded only to sulfur each have a formal charge of 1, and the oxygens and hydrogens of the two OH groups have no formal charge; (c) none of the atoms have a formal charge in the Lewis structure given for nitrous acid. 1.10 The electron counts of nitrogen in ammonium ion and boron in borohydride ion are both 4 (half of 8 electrons in covalent bonds). Since a neutral nitrogen has 5 electrons in its valence shell, an electron count of 4 gives it a formal charge of 1. A neutral boron has 3 valence electrons, so that an electron count of 4 in borohydride ion corresponds to a formal charge of 1. H C H H C C N F F C C F F H C H H H H H C H F
A-10 APPENDIX 2 1116H-NH3+6H-BH3 H HH 112(b)H—C C-H (c): Cl-C-C-Cl: (d)H-C-C--Cl HH H C-Hf)H—C (b)(CH3)2CHCH(CH,)2 (c)HOCH_ CHCH(CH3) (d)C CH—C(CH3)3 CH3 CH,--CH 114H一N一C-0-H 1.15(b)CH3 CH, CH,OH,(CH3)2CHOH, and CH3CH2OCH3(c)There are seven isomers of CaHioO. Four have -OH groups: CH3 CH,CH, CH,OH,(CH3)2CHCH2OH,(CH3)3COH, and CH3 CHCH2CH3. Three have C-O-C units: CH3 OCH, CH2CH, CH3 CH,, CH3, and (CH3)2CHOCH3 ←>:0 Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide Toc Student OLCMHHE Website
A-10 APPENDIX 2 1.11 1.12 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 1.13 (b) (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2 (c) (d) 1.14 1.15 (b) CH3CH2CH2OH, (CH3)2CHOH, and CH3CH2OCH3. (c) There are seven isomers of C4H10O. Four have ±OH groups: CH3CH2CH2CH2OH, (CH3)2CHCH2OH, (CH3)3COH, and . Three have C±O±C units: CH3OCH2CH2CH3, CH3CH2OCH2CH3, and (CH3)2CHOCH3 1.16 (b) (c) and C O O O C O O O C O O O C O O O C O H O O H C O O O CH3CHCH2CH3 OH H N H C O O H CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C(CH3) HOCH2CHCH(CH3 3 )2 CH3 H C H H C H C H O H C H H H C C H H N H C H H C H H H C H H C H Cl Cl C H Cl H H C H H H C C H Cl HHH H H C H C H H N H H H H B H H H H