教学手段 常规教学法 思考题目 英汉思维的差异主要体现在哪几方面,举例说明 作业与辅导(内 容、时间) 按时完成课后练习题,老师将批改完作业之后详细讲评 考文献 ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭卫,国防工业出版社,208201 ①《新编英汉翻译教程》孙致礼,上海外语教育出版社 Chapter 4 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese English and Chinese belong to different language families. (Whatlanguage family do English and Chinese belong to respectively? English belongs tolndo-European language family and Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family. Consequently the two languages are quite different. We should study the similarities and differences of the tw In view of the translation, the contrastive study between Englishand Chinese will be discussed from the following four aspects: semanticdifferences; syntactic differences: differences on morphology: differences onthinking. (Dueto the limited time, today we just focus our attention on semantic differences I. Semantic differences We shall discuss semantic differences from the following threeaspects: semantic relations: causes of semantic differences: the significanceof the study A. Foursemantic relations As you know, English and Chinese semantic meanings are rich andcomplex, and manifested that there are at leastfoursemantic relations: l. Englishsemantic meaning identical to Chinese-full equivalence Both denotative meanings and associative meanings are identicaL. You should pay more attention to the following two concepts: Denotative meaning:(also known as conceptualmeaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of the wordmeaning. It forms the basis for communication as the same word has the samedenotative meaning to all the speakers of the same language.rg“cat”":① a kind of animal which has some specific features." It is a cat”(它是一只猫) Associative meaning: is the secondarymeaning supplemented to the denotative meaning. It is liable to the influenceof such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, eg.“cat”:② one of the associativemeanings of cat is malicious woman.“ She is a cat.”(她是一个心地狠毒的女人) cement①水泥②洋灰( (imported goods)(洋货) match①火柴②洋火 imported goods(洋货) As some English and Chinese denotative meanings are identical, soure some associative meanings, because some things and phenomena in the worldand mans ability and the manner of cognition are identical. Now let uscontrast some of them. Take"head"vs"="for example Both denotative meanings and associative meanings of“head"w“头” are identical In English and Chinese, the denotative meaning of both"head"and">"is"the part of body which contains the eyes, ears, nose, mouth and the brain".Because of theimportance and position of head, both English and Chinese associate it withmind, talent, very important person and position in society. Hence theassociative meanings of"head"and "* "can be classified into the following twopoints (A)"Ruler or leader of a gowernment, school, company and other units".In Englishthere are some phrases such as "the head of state"," the head of govemment," "thehead of country. In Chinese there are also these phrases such as:“元首,首脑”,“头儿”,(B)“ The top or front”,"“ highest or furthest point” Thisassociative meaning can be shown in the examples“ from head to foot”," over theheads of others”. In Chinese there are also the same idioms such as“从头到脚”and“出人头 Similar examples are such as“Fox"vs“狐狸”;"Wor"vs“狼”;" Heart"vs“心”.( Due to the limited time, we donot discuss them in detail.) In all, what kinds of words belong to full equivalence? Words in the scope of scientific terminology, such as computational[. kmpju(:) tei(a)n linguistics计算机语言学, physics-物理; of proper noun suchas The Pacific Ocean- 太平洋, New York--组约, of common noun such as bike.自行车, airport-机场,hand-手,foo-脚cte. 2. English semantic meaning partlysimilar to Chinese-Partial equivalence Denotative meanings are identical but associative meanings arepartly similar In English and Chinese, there are quite a lot of words whoseassociative meanings are partly similar, though the denotative meanings ofthese words are the same. Here are some contrasts 瑰 The denotative meanings of"Rose"vs"FI"are identical. So let's justfocus our attention on the partly similar associative meaningsand the partly different associative meanings ① The partly similarassociative meanings of“rose”ws“玫瑰"are“swer”“lowe”“ romance”and" affection” which are based onbeauty and sweet- smelling of the flower. Example 1, " A Red, Red, Rose( Robert Burns)O my luve is like a red red rose. "This is avery moving love poem in which the author compares his idol to"A Red, Red, Rose"and sings the praises of his ideal lover. Example2,“在我心中的深处,开着一朵玫瑰,我用生命的清泉,把它灌溉栽培。" It is a song in the Chinese film“ Trace of Tears”.Here“玫瑰"is also compared to affection. The heroine wants to water the rose, her affection to her husband by using thespring of her life. Hence rose is also the symbol of love in Chinese. ② The partly different associativemeanings of“rose”vs“玫瑰” (A)In English"rose is used to symbolizesomething"secret""silent". Therefore the idiom"under the rose"means"keepsecret and never betray (B“ A thorny rose" is associated with“ imperfectness"in English, while“带刺的玫瑰” is associated with“ a girl who is difficult to please" in Chinese. For example,whe English people say," here is no rose without a thorn”, heyman,“ Nothing is perfect." In Chinese we often hear people say,“这个姑娘真漂亮,小心!这可是个带刺的玫 带刺的玫瑰” ection parent”: The Chinese counterparts of“ parent are“父亲或母亲,养父或养母” How to translatethe sentence"I have no experience as a parent"? Students should make sure thegender of“T".If"T" refers to a male, the translation is“我没有教学手段 常规教学法 思考题目 英汉思维的差异主要体现在哪几方面，举例说明 作业与辅导（内 容、时间） 按时完成课后练习题，老师将批改完作业之后详细讲评。 参考文献 ①《新编英汉翻译教程》孙致礼，上海外语教育出版社，2011 ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭卫，国防工业出版社，2006 Chapter 4 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese English and Chinese belong to different language families.（Whatlanguage family do English and Chinese belong to respectively? ） English belongs toIndo-European language family and Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family.Consequently the two languages are quite different.We should study the similarities and differences of the two languages toimprove the practical translation ability. In view of the translation, the contrastive study between Englishand Chinese will be discussed from the following four aspects: semanticdifferences; syntactic differences; differences on morphology; differences onthinking.（Dueto the limited time, today we just focus our attention on semantic differences） Ⅰ. Semantic differences Semantic：of the meaning of words We shall discuss semantic differences from the following threeaspects: semantic relations; causes of semantic differences; the significanceof the study. A. Foursemantic relations As you know, English and Chinese semantic meanings are rich andcomplex, and manifested that there are at leastfoursemantic relations: 1. Englishsemantic meaning identical to Chinese______ full equivalence Both denotative meanings and associative meanings are identical. You should pay more attention to the following two concepts: Denotative meaning: (also known as conceptualmeaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of the wordmeaning. It forms the basis for communication as the same word has the samedenotative meaning to all the speakers of the same language. Eg. “cat”：①a kind of animal which has some specific features. “It is a cat.” (它是一只猫) Associative meaning: is the secondarymeaning supplemented to the denotative meaning. It is liable to the influenceof such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, classbackground, education, etc. e.g. “cat”：② one of the associativemeanings of cat is malicious woman. “She is a cat.”（她是一个心地狠毒的女人） cement ①水泥②洋灰(imported goods)（洋货） match①火柴 ②洋火imported goods（洋货） As some English and Chinese denotative meanings are identical, soare some associative meanings, because some things and phenomena in the worldand man’s ability and the manner of cognition are identical. Now let uscontrast some of them. Take “head” vs “头” for example. Take “head” vs “头” for example. Both denotative meanings and associative meanings of “head” vs “头” are identical. In English and Chinese, the denotative meaning of both “head” and“ 头 ” is”the part of body which contains the eyes, ears, nose, mouth and the brain”.Because of theimportance and position of head, both English and Chinese associate it withmind, talent, very important person and position in society. Hence theassociative meanings of “head” and “头” can be classified into the following twopoints. (A) “Ruler or leader of a government, school, company and other units”.In Englishthere are some phrases such as “the head of state”, “the head of government”, “thehead of country”. In Chinese there are also these phrases such as: “元首，首脑”，“头儿”. (B) “The top or front”, “highest or furthest point” Thisassociative meaning can be shown in the examples “from head to foot”, “over theheads of others”. In Chinese there are also the same idioms such as “从头到脚” and “出人头 地”. Similar examples are such as “Fox” VS“狐狸”; “Wolf” VS“狼”; “Heart” VS“心”. （Due to the limited time, we donot discuss them in detail.） In all, what kinds of words belong to full equivalence? Words in the scope of scientific terminology, such as computational[ .kɔmpju(:)'teiʃ(ə)n linguistics---计算机语言学, physics---物理; of proper noun suchas The Pacific Ocean--- 太平洋，New York-------纽约; of common noun such as bike---自行车, airport--- 机场，hand--------手，foot-------脚 etc. 2. English semantic meaning partlysimilar to Chinese______ Partial equivalence Denotative meanings are identical but associative meanings arepartly similar. In English and Chinese, there are quite a lot of words whoseassociative meanings are partly similar, though the denotative meanings ofthese words are the same. Here are some contrasts. (1) “Rose” vs “玫瑰” The denotative meanings of “Rose” vs “玫瑰”are identical. So let’s justfocus our attention on the partly similar associative meaningsand the partly different associative meanings ofthem. ① The partly similarassociative meanings of “rose” vs “ 玫 瑰 ”are “sweet” “love” “romance” and “affection” which are based onbeauty and sweet-smelling of the flower. Example 1,“A Red, Red, Rose (Robert Burns) O my luve is like a red red rose…” This is avery moving love poem in which the author compares his idol to “A Red, Red,Rose” and sings the praises of his ideal lover. Example 2, “在我心中的深处，开着一朵玫瑰，我用生命的清泉，把它灌溉栽培。”It is a song in the Chinese film “Trace of Tears”. Here “玫瑰”is also compared to affection.The heroine wants to water the rose, her affection to her husband by using thespring of her life. Hence rose is also the symbol of love in Chinese. ②The partly different associativemeanings of “rose” vs “玫瑰” (A)In English “rose is used to symbolizesomething “secret” or “silent”. Therefore the idiom “under the rose” means “keepsecret and never betray”. (B)“A thorny rose ” is associated with “imperfectness” in English, while “带刺的玫瑰” is associated with “a girl who is difficult to please” in Chinese.For example, when English people say, “There is no rose without a thorn”, theymean, “Nothing is perfect.” In Chinese we often hear people say, “这个姑娘真漂亮，小心!这可是个带刺的玫 瑰”. Here “带刺的玫瑰” means thatbeautiful young woman is not accessible and it is difficult to get heraffection. “parent”: The Chinese counterparts of “parent” are “父亲或母亲，养父或养母”.How to translatethe sentence “I have no experience as a parent”? Students should make sure thegender of “I”. If “I” refers to a male, the translation is “我没有做父亲的经历