Energy diagram for bromination Nitration* HONO. H,SO +H,0 6-N0,0s0R:·No,一N02+H 加本 nitiic add +国 444 ReAi41.nlalae .-Cm Sulfonation* Sulfonation* H2SO4 SO,H +S02= △ 0.9 0: +os00 0- +-S0,0H Friedel-crafts reaction Nitration of toluene Toluene reacts 25 times faster than benzene -R+HCI The product mix contains mostly ortho and para substituted molecules 之殿 CH 55 Prepared by Yang R. L. Energy diagram for bromination Prepared by Yang R. L. H2 SO4 NO2 + HONO2 + H2O Nitration* Prepared by Yang R. L. SO3 SO3H + H2SO4 Sulfonation* Prepared by Yang R. L. Sulfonation* Prepared by Yang R. L. Friedel-crafts reaction + RCl R AlCl3 + HCl R Cl O C O R AlCl3 + + HCl Prepared by Yang R. L. Nitration of toluene • Toluene reacts 25 times faster than benzene • The product mix contains mostly ortho and para substituted molecules