language, thought is impossible 3)Sapir also noticed the universal features of language and thought that without language, there is no culture 2. Bloomfield,s Theory The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is Leonard Bloomfield. F Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as BEHAVIOURISM, which is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that human beings cannot know anything they have not experienced. Bloomfield exemplified his process of stimulus-response theory in an interesting way(see p 320) ① Three principles a. when one individual is stimulated, his speech can make another individual read accordingly b. the division of labour and all human activities based on the division of labour are dependent on language c. the distance between the speaker and hearer, two separate nervous systems, is bridged up by sound waves (2 The well-known formula s→R Here S stands for practical stimulus, r stands for the substitute reaction of speech, s stands fo the substitute stimulus, and R stands for external practical reaction 3 Bloomfield also touched upon the application of linguistics to language teaching and criticized traditional grammar @ As a textbook Bloomfield's Language started American structuralism as a school 3. Post- Bloomfieldian Linguistic Post-Bloomfieldian Linguistiscs further developed structuralism, characterized by a strict mpiricism. Post- Bloomfieldian linguistics focused on direct discovered through the performing of certain operations on a corpus Le. through i)Zellig S. Harris D)In his book, Harris gave the fullest and most interesting expression of the dIsCovery PROCEDURE approach to linguistics, characterized by accurate analytical procedures and high degree of formalization 2) Harris formulated a set of strict descriptive procedures which took the logic of distributional relations as the basis of structural analysis ii)Charles Hockett In addition to his contribution to phonemic, morphemic and grammatical analysis and to general linguistics and its relationship with other disciplines, Hockett offered a stimulating and spirited defiance of his structuralist views while questioning many of the basic and often seemingly unchallenged assumptions underlying transformational grammar. D. Transformational generative grammar(转换生成语法 1. The origin and development of TGG Transformational-Generative Grammar(TG Grammar) was first proposed by the American linguist Noam Chomsky. It has seen five stages of development3 language, thought is impossible. 3) Sapir also noticed the universal features of language and thought that without language, there is no culture. 2. Bloomfield’s Theory The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is Leonard Bloomfield.For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as BEHAVIOURISM, which is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that human beings cannot know anything they have not experienced. Bloomfield exemplified his process of stimulus-response theory in an interesting way (see p.320). ① Three principles: a. when one individual is stimulated, his speech can make another individual react accordingly. b. the division of labour and all human activities based on the division of labour are dependent on language. c. the distance between the speaker and hearer, two separate nervous systems, is bridged up by sound waves. ② The well-known formula: S→ r … s→R Here S stands for practical stimulus, r stands for the substitute reaction of speech, s stands for the substitute stimulus, and R stands for external practical reaction. ③ Bloomfield also touched upon the application of linguistics to language teaching and criticized traditional grammar. ④ As a textbook, Bloomfield’s Language started American structuralism as a school of thought. 3. Post-Bloomfieldian Linguistics Post-Bloomfieldian Linguistiscs further developed structuralism, characterized by a strict empiricism. Post- Bloomfieldian linguistics focused on direct observation: a grammar is discovered through the performing of certain operations on a corpus of data, i.e. through discovery procedures. i) Zellig S. Harris 1) In his book, Harris gave the fullest and most interesting expression of the DISCOVERY PROCEDURE approach to linguistics, characterized by accurate analytical procedures and high degree of formalization. 2) Harris formulated a set of strict descriptive procedures which took the logic of distributional relations as the basis of structural analysis. ii) Charles Hockett In addition to his contribution to phonemic, morphemic and grammatical analysis and to general linguistics and its relationship with other disciplines, Hockett offered a stimulating and spirited defiance of his structuralist views while questioning many of the basic and often seemingly unchallenged assumptions underlying transformational grammar. D. Transformational generative grammar（转换生成语法） 1. The origin and development of TGG Transformational-Generative Grammar (TG Grammar) was first proposed by the American linguist Noam Chomsky. It has seen five stages of development