Contents 10 Evaporation 476 Howard Freese 10 INTRODUCTION 476 2.0 EVAPORATORS AND EVAPORATION SYSTEMS. 477 3.0 LIQUID CHARACTERISTICS 4.0 HEAT TRANSFER IN EVAPORATORS 5.0 EVAPORATOR TYPES 5.1 Jacketed vessels 52 Horizontal Tube Evaporators…… 5.3 Short-Tube Vertical Evaporators 493 5. 4 Propeller Calanda 5.5 Long-Tube Vertical Evaporators 5.6 Falling Film Evaporators 495 5.7 Forced Circulation Evaporator 5.8 Plate Evaporators 59 Mechanically Agitated Thin-Film Evaporators…………502 5.10 Flash Pots and Flash Evaporators 505 5.11 Multiple Effect Evaporators 506 6.0 ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS FOR EVAPORATION SYSTEM DESIGN 510 7.0 PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR EVAPORATORS518 8.0 EVAPORATOR PERFORMANCE 522 9.0 HEAT SENSITTVE PRODUCTS 10.0 INSTALLATION OF EVAPORATORS 11.0 TROUBLESHOOTING EVAPORATION SYSTEMS.. 528 REFERENCES AND SELECTED READING MATERIAL.. 532 11 Crystallization………………… 535 Stephen M. Glasgow 1.0 INTRODUCTION 535 2.0 THEOR 536 2. 1 Field of Supersaturation ... 2.2 Formation of a Supersaturated Solution 2.3 Appearance of Crystall ne Nuc 2. 4 Growth of Nuclei to size 539 3.0 CRYSTALLIZATION EQUIPMENT 3. 1 Evaporative Crystallizer 3. 2 Vacuum Cooling Crystallizer 3 Cooling Crystallizer 3. 4 Batch Crystallization 4.0 DATA NEEDED FOR DESIGN 546xx Contents 10 Evaporation .......................................................... 476 Howard L. Freese 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 2.0 EVAPORATORS AND EVAPORATION SYSTEMS 3.0 LIQUID CHARACTERISTICS ................................. 4.0 HEAT TRANSFER IN EVAPORATORS ... 5 .O EVAPORATOR TYPES ............................. 5.1 Jacketed Vessels .......................................................... 49 1 5.2 Horizontal Tube Evaporators ....................................... 493 5.3 Short-Tube Vertical Evaporators ............................. 5.4 Propeller Calandrias .................................................... 494 5.5 Long-Tube Vertical Evaporators ......... ................. 494 5.6 Falling Film Evaporators ...................................... 5.7 Forced Circulation Evaporators ................................... 497 5.8 Plate Evaporators ................................................. 5.9 Mechanically Agitated %-Film Evaporators ...... 5.10 Flash Pots and Flash Evaporators ........... 5.11 Multiple Effect Evaporators ................... 6.0 ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS FOR EVAPORATION SYSTEM DESIGN ........................................................... 5 10 7.0 PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR EVAPORATORS518 10.0 INSTALLATION OF EVAPORATORS ............ 11 Crystallization ..................................................... 535 Stephen M. Glasgow 1.0 INTRODUCTION .. ........................... 2.0 THEORY .................................................... 2.1 Field of Supersaturation ................ 2.2 Formation of a Supersaturated Solution 2.3 Appearance of Crystalline Nuclei .. 2.4 Growth of Nuclei to Size ............... 3 .O CRYSTALLIZATION EQUIPMENT ............................... 54 1 3.1 Evaporative Crystallizer ................ 3.2 Vacuum Cooling Crystallizer ....................................... 545 3.3 Cooling Crystallizer ...... 3.4 Batch Crystallization .................................... 4.0 DATA NEEDED FOR DESIGN ....... 544 .................. 546