Contents ri 6.0 TYPES OF EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT 6. 1 Non-Agitated gravity Flow Extractors 6. 2 Stirred gravity Flow Extractors 6.3 Pulsed Gravity Flow Extractors 6. 4 Centrifugal Extractors 373 6.5 Equipment Size Calculation ,374 7.0 SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT 8.0 PROCEDURE SUMMARY 9.0 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 380 REFERENCES 9 lon Exchange 382 frederick J Dechow 1.0 INTRODUCTION 382 I lon Exchange Processes 1.2 Chromatographic Separation 384 2.0 THEORY 2. 1 Selectivity 2.2 Kinetics 395 2.3 Chromatographic Theory .400 3.0 ION EXCHANGE MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 3. 1 lon Exchange Matrix 407 3.2 3.3 Porosity and Surface Area 3. 4 Particle Density 4l8 3.5 Particle Size 419 4.0 LABORATORY EVALUATION OF RESIN 5.0 PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS 426 5. 1 Design Factors 426 5.2 Scaling-up Fixed Bed Operations 5.3 Sample Calculation 429 5. 4 Comparison of Packed and Fluidized Beds 5.5 Chromatographic Scale-Up Procedures 433 5.6 Pressure Drop 5.7 lon Exchange Resin Limitations 439 5.8 Safety Considerations 44l 6.0 ION EXCHANGE OPERATIONS 6.1 Pretreatment 445 6.2 Batch Operations 445 6.3 Column Operations 6. 4 Elution/Regeneration 458 7.0 INDUSTRIAL CHROMATOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS. 462 REFERENCES 470Contents xix 6.0 TYPES OF EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT ....................... 366 6.1 Non-Agitated Gravity Flow Extractors ........................ 3 66 6.2 Stirred Gravity Flow Extractors ............ 6.3 Pulsed Gravity Flow Extractors ................................... 37 1 6.4 Centnfbgal Extractors ................................................. 373 6.5 Equipment Size Calculation ....................... 7.0 SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT ..................... 8.0 PROCEDURE SUMMARY ............................ 9.0 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ......................... REFERENCES ........ ............................................. 380 9 Ion Exchange ............ ..... .................. ............ ...... 382 Frederick J. Dechow 1 .O INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 3 82 1.1 Ion Exchange Processes ............................................... 383 .... 384 2.0 THEORY ................................................................... 389 1.2 Chromatographic Separation .......................... 2.1 Selectivity .......................................... 2.2 Kinetics ........................................ 2.3 Chromatographic Theory ............................................. 400 3.0 ION EXCHANGE MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES ...................................................... 407 3.1 Ion Exchange Matrix ................................................... 407 3.2 Functional Groups .......................................... 3.3 Porosity and Surface Area .............................. 3.4 Particle Density ............................................. 418 3.5 Particle Size ............................................. 4.0 LABORATORY EVALUATION OF RESIN. 5.0 PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS ...................................... 426 5.1 Design Factors ................................................. 5.2 Scaling-up Fixed Bed Operations . 5.3 Sample Calculation .................................... 5.4 Comparison of Packed and Fluidized Beds .. 5.6 Pressure Drop ............................................................. 436 5.7 Ion Exchange Resin Limitations ......... 5.8 Safety Considerations ........................ 6.0 ION EXCHANGE OPERATIONS .................................... 443 6.1 Pretreatment ................................................................ 445 6.2 Batch Operations ......................................................... 445 6.3 Column Operations ................................ 6.4 ElutiodRegeneration ................................................... 45 8 7.0 INDUSTRIAL CHROMATOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS , ,462 REFERENCES ................................................................... 470 5.5 Chromatographic Scale-up Procedures