xviii Contents 2.0 CROSS-FLOW vS. DEAD END FILTRATION 273 3.0 COMPARISON OF CROSS-FLOW WITH OTHER COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES 277 4 Polymeric Microfilters and Ultrafilters…… 4.2 Inorganic Microfilters and Ultrafilters 5.0 OPERATING CONFIGURATIONS 5. 1 Batch System 5.2 Feed and Bleed 292 5.3 Single vs. Multistage Continuous System 6.0 PROCESS DESIGN ASPECTS 6. 1 Minimization of Flux Decline With Backpulse or Backwash 6.2 Uniform Transmembrane Pressure Filtration 6. 3 Effect of Operating Parameters on Filter Performance. 305 6.4 Membrane Cleaning 6.5 Pilot Scale Data and scale 316 6.6 Troubleshooting 318 6.7 Capital and Operating Cost 318 6. 8 Safety and Environmental Considerations 322 7.0 APPLICATIONS OVERVIEW 322 7. 1 Clarification of Fermentation Broths 7.2 Purification and Concentration of Enzymes 7.3 Microfiltration for Removal of Microorganisms or Cell Debris 324 7. 4 Production of Bacteria-free Water 329 7.5 Production of Pyrogen-free Water 331 8.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 333 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 337 APPENDIX: LIST OF MEMBRANE MANUFACTURERS (MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION).338 REFERENCES 343 8 Solvent Extraction................. 348 david b. todd L0 EXTRACTION CONCEPTS 1. 1 Theoretical St 2.0 DISTRIBUTION DATA 352 3.0SOLⅤ ENT SELECTION 4.0 CALCULATION PROCEDURES 355 4. 1 Simplified Solution 358 4.2 Sample Stage Calculation 360 5.0 DROP MECHANICSxviii Contents 2.0 CROSS-FLOW VS. DEAD END FILTRATION ................ 273 3.0 COMPARISON OF CROSS-FLOW WITH OTHER COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES ................................ 4.2 Inorganic Microfilters and Ultrafilters .......................... 285 5 .O OPERATING CONFIGURATIONS ................................. 289 5.2 Feed and Bleed ............................................................ 292 5.3 Single vs. Multistage Continuous System ..................... 297 6.0 PROCESS DESIGN ASPECTS ........................................ 297 6.1 Minimization of Flux Decline With Backpulse or Backwash ..... ............................ ..................... 297 6.2 Uniform Transmembrane Pressure Filtration ................ 300 6.3 Effect of Operating Parameters on Filter Performance .. 305 6.4 Membrane Cleaning ................................ 6.6 Troubleshooting ........................................ 3 18 ......................... 318 6.8 Safety and Environmental Consi 7.1 Clarification of Fermentation Broths ......... 7.2 Purification and Concentration of Enzymes .................. 323 7.3 Microfiltration for Removal of Microorganisms 7.4 Production of Bacteria-free Water ............................... 329 7.5 Production of Pyrogen-free Water .. 8.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ................... ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................. 4.1 Polymeric Microfilters and Ultrafilters ........................ 28 1 5.1 Batch System .............................................................. 289 6.5 Pilot Scale Data and Scaleup ....................................... 3 16 6.7 Capital and Operating Cost ...... 7.0 APPLICATIONS OVERVIEW ......................... or Cell Debris ........................................................ AP-PENDIX: LIST OF MEMBRANE MAN (MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION) ...... 33 8 REFERENCES ................................................. ......... 343 8 Solvent Extraction ............................................... 348 1 .O EXTRACTION CONCEPTS ............................................ 348 2.0 DISTRIBUTION DATA ............... 3.0 SOLVENT SELECTION .............................. 4.0 CALCULATION PROCEDURES ........................... 355 4.2 Sample Stage Calculation ............................................ 360 363 DavidB. Todd 1.1 Theoretical Stage ........................... 4.1 Simplified Solution .................................. 5 .O DROP MECHANICS