贸易扩大了消费可能性集合 Trade Expands the Set of 从贸易中获益 Consumption Possibilities The Gains from Trade 柴(斤 (b)贸易如何增加了李的消费 How Trade Increases Li Kuis 消贵的增加 The Increase in 李造贸易后 125斤柴(A°A 鱼数量不变 25斤鱼(B°B) 李逵贸易前的消费 柴数量不变 斤 比较优势原理 The Principle of 生产成本的差异 Differences in Costs of production Comparative Advantage 生产成本的差异决定了: 度量生产成本差异有两种方法 Differences in the costs of production Two ways to measure differences determine the following: in costs of production ◆谁应当生产什么? Who should produce what ◆每种产品应该换得多少? How much should be ◆生产一单位产品(例如一斤鱼)的时间数 traded for each product? The number of hours required to produce a unit of output (for example, one unit of fish) 张顺和李逵,谁能以较低的成本生产鱼 ◆为了一种产品而放弃另一种产品的机会成本 Who can produce fish at a lower cost- The opportunity cost of sacrificing one good for Zhang Shun or Li Kui? another 比较优势 专业化和贸易 Comparative Advantage Specialization and trade ◆根据生产商的机会成本进行比较 ◆谁在生产鱼上具有比较优势? Compares producers of a good according to their opportunit cost. Who has the comparative advantage in the production of ◆机会成本较小的生产商生产该种产品时具有比 fish? 较优塑 张顺还是李逵? The producer who has the smaller opportunity cost of producing a good is said to have a Zhang Shun or Li Kui? comparative advantage in producing that good4 19 贸易扩大了消费可能性集合 Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Possibilities 鱼（斤） 柴（斤） 50 25 0 2.5 B 5 B* 李逵贸易前的消费 Li Kui’s consumption without trade 李逵贸易后 的消费 Li Kui’s consumptio n with trade (b)贸易如何增加了李逵的消费 How Trade Increases Li Kui’s Consumption 20 从贸易中获益 The Gains from Trade 消费的增加 The Increase in Consumption 张顺 12.5斤柴 (A*- A) 鱼数量不变 李逵 2.5斤鱼 (B*- B) 柴数量不变 21 比较优势原理 The Principle of Comparative Advantage ‹ 谁应当生产什么？Who should produce what? ‹ 每种产品应该换得多少？How much should be traded for each product? 张顺和李逵，谁能以较低的成本生产鱼 Who can produce fish at a lower cost— Zhang Shun or Li Kui? 生产成本的差异决定了： Differences in the costs of production determine the following: 22 生产成本的差异 Differences in Costs of Production ‹ 生产一单位产品（例如一斤鱼）的时间数。 The number of hours required to produce a unit of output. (for example, one unit of fish) ‹ 为了一种产品而放弃另一种产品的机会成本。 The opportunity cost of sacrificing one good for another. 度量生产成本差异有两种方法 Two ways to measure differences in costs of production: 23 比较优势 Comparative Advantage ‹ 根据生产商的机会成本进行比较。 Compares producers of a good according to their opportunity cost. ‹ 机会成本较小的生产商生产该种产品时具有比 较优势。 The producer who has the smaller opportunity cost of producing a good is said to have a comparative advantage in producing that good. 24 专业化和贸易 Specialization and Trade ‹谁在生产鱼上具有比较优势？ Who has the comparative advantage in the production of fish? 张顺还是李逵? Zhang Shun or Li Kui?