生产鱼和柴的机会成本 比较优势与贸易 The Opportunity Cost Comparative Advantage and of fish and firewood T rade 机会成本 Opportunity cost of 1斤 机会成本的差别(即比较优势)为人 张 15=4斤鱼 们从贸易中受益创造了条件。 Differences in opportunity cost and comparative advantage create the 因此,张属在生产鱼方面具有比敦优势,而李递在生 产染方面具有比较优势 gains from trade so, Zhang Shun has a comparative advantage in the production of fish but Li Kul has a comparative 可分两步来理解 advantage in the production of firewood. 比较优势与贸易 比较优势与生产效率 Comparative Advantage and Comparative Advantage and Trade Production Efficiency ◆第一步:当每个人专门生产自己有比较 红存能使小生产细更济 变类的物脏主都寄角案让变 张顺生产1斤鱼的(机会)成本为25斤柴,而 会成本为 When each person specializes in 图此氧嵌要少维的生凭条请率雨可要生 producing the good for which he or she 将在生产鱼的教量不变的情况下 has a comparative advantage, total production in the economy rises, and this 李逸都生产他们各自具有比 increase in the size of the economic pie 向外移动了生产可能性边 can be used to make everyone better off. 比较优势与贸易 比较优势与贸易 Comparative Advantage and Comparative Advantage and Trade Trade ◆第二步:只要两个人有不同的机会成本 每个人都可以通过低于自己生产时的 ◆在贸易的时候,为了使自己受益 机会成本的价格得到一种物品,而从贸 ◆张顺出售他具有比较优势(低的机会成 易中获益。 本)的产品—鱼,李速出售他具有比 n other words, when two people have a 较优势的产品柴。 different opportunity costs, each can ◆张顺应该以不低于25斤柴的数量出售1斤 benefit from trade by obtaining a good at 鱼;李逵应该以不高于10斤柴的数量购 a price lower than his or her opportunity cost of that good 买1斤鱼 ◆交换比例在1斤鱼换25-10斤柴之间。5 25 生产鱼和柴的机会成本 The Opportunity Cost of Fish and Firewood 机会成本 Opportunity Cost of: 1 斤鱼 1 斤柴 张顺 0.8/0.32=2.5斤柴 (1/2.5)=0.4斤鱼 李逵 1.6/0.16=10斤柴 (1/10)=0.1斤鱼 …因此，张顺在生产鱼方面具有比较优势，而李逵在生 产柴方面具有比较优势 …so, Zhang Shun has a comparative advantage in so, Zhang Shun has a comparative advantage in the production of fish but Li the production of fish but Li Kui has a comparative has a comparative advantage in the production of firewood. advantage in the production of firewood. 26 比较优势与贸易 Comparative Advantage and Trade 机会成本的差别（即比较优势）为人 们从贸易中受益创造了条件。 Differences in opportunity cost and comparative advantage create the gains from trade. 可以分两步来理解…… 27 比较优势与贸易 Comparative Advantage and Trade ‹第一步：当每个人专门生产自己有比较 优势的物品时，经济的总产量增加了； 变大的经济“蛋糕”可以用来让每个人变 得更好。 When each person specializes in producing the good for which he or she has a comparative advantage, total production in the economy rises, and this increase in the size of the economic pie can be used to make everyone better off. 28 比较优势与生产效率 Comparative Advantage and Production Efficiency ‹ 考虑由张顺和李逵组成一个生产小组。应该如何在他 们之间分配工作，才能使小组总产出更多？ ‹ 张顺生产1斤鱼的（机会）成本为2.5斤柴，而李逵的机 会成本为10斤柴。 ‹ 因此，每将1斤鱼的生产任务从李逵处重新分配到张顺 处，张顺就要少生产2.5斤柴，而李逵则可以多生产10 斤柴。整个生产小组将在生产鱼的数量不变的情况下 多生产10-2.5=7.5斤柴！ ‹ 在生产小组中，让张顺和李逵都生产他们各自具有比 较优势（低的机会成本）的产品（即专业化），提高 了整个生产小组的总产量，向外移动了生产可能性边 界。 29 比较优势与贸易 Comparative Advantage and Trade ‹第二步：只要两个人有不同的机会成本 ，每个人都可以通过低于自己生产时的 机会成本的价格得到一种物品，而从贸 易中获益。 In other words, when two people have a different opportunity costs, each can benefit from trade by obtaining a good at a price lower than his or her opportunity cost of that good. 30 比较优势与贸易 Comparative Advantage and Trade ‹在贸易的时候，为了使自己受益…… ‹张顺出售他具有比较优势（低的机会成 本）的产品——鱼，李逵出售他具有比 较优势的产品——柴。 ‹张顺应该以不低于2.5斤柴的数量出售1斤 鱼；李逵应该以不高于10斤柴的数量购 买1斤鱼。 ‹交换比例在1斤鱼换2.5-10斤柴之间