相互依存性和贸易 interdependence and trade 相互依存性和贸易的好处 想一想你日常生活中某一天 Interdependence and Consider your typical day: 温州制造的闹钟把你吵。 the Gains from Trade You wake up to an alarm clock made in Wenzhou ●给自己倒上一杯用江西的桔子制作的橙汁 You pour yourself some orange juice made from oranges 第3章 grown in Jiangxi. ◆你穿上用新疆的棉花制造、在广东工厂纫而成的衣服 Chapter 3 You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Xinjiang and sewn in factories in Guangdong. 相互依存性和贸易 我们如何在全球经济中满足我们的需求? Interdependence and Trade How do we satisfy our wants and needs in a global economy? 回忆一下,经济学是研究社会如何生产 并分配产品以试图满足其成员需求的 ◆我们可以在经济上自给自足 Remember, economics is the study of We can be economically self-sufficient. how societies produce and distribute ◆我们也可以进行专业化分工,同别人进 goods in an attempt to satisfy the wants 行贸易,这就导致了经济上的相互依存 and needs of its members 性 We can specialize and trade with others, leading to economic interdependence. 相互依存性和贸易 相互依存性和贸易 Interdependence and Trade Interdependence and Trade 个一般性的观察 但是,这又产生了两个问题: general observation But, this gives rise to two questions: 个人和国家借助专业化生产和贸易,将它作 ◆经济的相互依存性为什么是常态? 为解决资源稀缺问题的一种方法 ndividuals and nations rely on specialized Why is interdependence the norm? production and exchange as a way to ◆生产和贸易(的方式)是如何决定的? address problems caused by scarcity What determines production and trade?
1 相互依存性和贸易的好处 Interdependence and the Gains from Trade 第3章 Chapter 3 2 相互依存性和贸易 Interdependence and Trade 想一想你日常生活中某一天： Consider your typical day: 温州制造的闹钟把你吵醒。 You wake up to an alarm clock made in Wenzhou. 给自己倒上一杯用江西的桔子制作的橙汁。 You pour yourself some orange juice made from oranges grown in Jiangxi. 你穿上用新疆的棉花制造、在广东工厂缝纫而成的衣服 You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Xinjiang and sewn in factories in Guangdong. 3 相互依存性和贸易 Interdependence and Trade 回忆一下，经济学是研究社会如何生产 并分配产品以试图满足其成员需求的。 Remember, economics is the study of how societies produce and distribute goods in an attempt to satisfy the wants and needs of its members. 4 我们如何在全球经济中满足我们的需求？ How do we satisfy our wants and needs in a global economy? 我们可以在经济上自给自足。 We can be economically self-sufficient. 我们也可以进行专业化分工，同别人进 行贸易，这就导致了经济上的相互依存 性。 We can specialize and trade with others, leading to economic interdependence. 5 相互依存性和贸易 Interdependence and Trade 一个一般性的观察… A general observation . . . 个人和国家借助专业化生产和贸易，将它作 为解决资源稀缺问题的一种方法。 Individuals and nations rely on specialized production and exchange as a way to address problems caused by scarcity. 6 相互依存性和贸易 Interdependence and Trade 但是，这又产生了两个问题： But, this gives rise to two questions: 经济的相互依存性为什么是常态？ Why is interdependence the norm? 生产和贸易（的方式）是如何决定的？ What determines production and trade?
相互依存性为什么是常态? 什么决定了生产和贸易的模式? Why is interdependence the What determines the pattern of norm? production and trade? 相互依存性的发生是因为当人们进行专业 生产和贸易的模式是基于机会成本 化分工并同别人进行交易时,他们的处境 变好了 Patterns of production and trade are Interdependence occurs because people a ased upon differences in better off when they specialize and trade opportunity costs. with others 个现代经济的寓言 A Parable for the modern 张顺与李逵的生产可能性 Economy The Production Opportunities of Zhang shun and li Kui 从前有两个人比邻而居,名字分别叫做张顺和 李逵。二人均半天槽鱼,半天砍柴,过着自给 产斤的时网(小时): 天(8小时)的产量(斤) 自足的生活 张08小时032小时10斤 ◆相遇在干活回来的路上,他们往往会称赞对方 50斤 一番: ◆张顺:我看你真行,打来的乘比我的多好多啊! ◆李遗:过奖,老哥,你也不赖,是个捕鱼能手啊! 自给自足 生产可能性边界 Self-Sufficiency Production possibilities Frontiers 若彼此间无贸易 果G斤 By ignoring each other Zhang Shuns Production ◆他们各自消费自我生产的产品。 Each consumes what they each produce ◆生产可能性边界也就是消费可能性边界 The production possibilities frontier is also the consumption possibilities frontier
2 7 相互依存性为什么是常态？ Why is interdependence the norm? 相互依存性的发生是因为当人们进行专业 化分工并同别人进行交易时，他们的处境 变好了。 Interdependence occurs because people are better off when they specialize and trade with others. 8 什么决定了生产和贸易的模式？ What determines the pattern of production and trade? 生产和贸易的模式是基于机会成本 的差异。 Patterns of production and trade are based upon differences in opportunity costs. 9 从前有两个人比邻而居，名字分别叫做张顺和 李逵。二人均半天捕鱼，半天砍柴，过着自给 自足的生活。 相遇在干活回来的路上，他们往往会称赞对方 一番： 张顺：我看你真行，打来的柴比我的多好多啊！ 李逵：过奖，老哥，你也不赖，是个捕鱼能手啊！ 一个现代经济的寓言 A Parable for the Modern Economy 10 张顺与李逵的生产可能性 The Production Opportunities of Zhang Shun and Li Kui 生产一斤的时间（小时）： 一天（8小时）的产量（斤）： 鱼 柴 鱼 柴 张顺 0.8小时 0.32小时 10斤 25斤 李逵 1.6小时 0.16小时 5斤 50斤 11 自给自足 Self-Sufficiency 若彼此间无贸易 By ignoring each other: 他们各自消费自我生产的产品。 Each consumes what they each produce. 生产可能性边界也就是消费可能性边界 The production possibilities frontier is also the consumption possibilities frontier. 12 生产可能性边界 Production Possibilities Frontiers 鱼（斤） 柴（斤） 10 25 12.5 5 (a)张顺的生产可能性边界 Zhang Shun’s Production Possibilities Frontier 0 A
生产可能性边界 Production Possibilities 自给自足 F Self-Sufficiency rentiers (a)李的生产可能性边界 没有贸易的鲭果 Li Kui's Production Possibilities Frontier 和消费情 5斤鱼(A 2.5斤鱼(B) 鱼(斤 个现代经济的寓言 张顺和李逵专业生产和贸易 A Parable for the Modern Economy Zhang Shun and Li Kui Specialize and trade ◆有一天,李速突然有了一个绝妙的主意。在 如果他们各自生产他们适合生产的产品、 干活回来的路上,他对张顺说 然后进行交易,那么他们的情况都会变好 Each would be better off if they specialized in 老哥,我有一个想法最你商量一下。你瞧,你是个 producing the product they are more suited to 城鱼能手,为了单持生计,不得不去干打乘这样 produce, and then trade with each other. 晶于我等人的活。让我们来合作一下。你可以 把一整天的功夫都尽兴地拿去打鱼,我也把所有 ◆张顺应该生产鱼 的时间用来欧乘。当然,你需要乘 ng Shun should produce fish 童,我们可以将各自一半的劳动所得相互交换嘛! 这样,双方都大欢喜。你看怎样? Li Kui should produce firewood 贸易的好处 贸易扩大了消费可能性集合 Trade Expands the set of The Gains from Trade Consumption Possibilities (a)贸易如何增加了张顺的消费 他们生产什么他们贸易什么他们消费什么 果G斤 How Trade Increases Zhang What They What They What They Shuns Consumptio Produce sume 以5斤鱼 张顺贸易后的消 费 zhang shuns 换得25斤柴 0斤鱼 25斤柴 李速50斤柴
3 13 生产可能性边界 Production Possibilities Frontiers 鱼（斤） 柴（斤） 50 25 2.5 (a)李逵的生产可能性边界 Li Kui’s Production Possibilities Frontier 0 B 5 14 自给自足 Self-Sufficiency 没有贸易的结果 The Outcome Without Trade: 他们的生产和消费情 况What They Produce and Consume 张顺 5斤鱼 (A) 12.5斤柴 李逵 2.5斤鱼 (B) 25斤柴 15 有一天，李逵突然有了一个绝妙的主意。在 干活回来的路上，他对张顺说： 老哥，我有一个想法跟你商量一下。你瞧，你是个 捕鱼能手，为了维持生计，不得不去干打柴这样 属于我等粗人的活。让我们来合作一下。你可以 把一整天的功夫都尽兴地拿去打鱼，我也把所有 的时间都用来砍柴。当然，你需要柴，我也需要 鱼，我们可以将各自一半的劳动所得相互交换嘛! 这样，双方都皆大欢喜。你看怎样？ 一个现代经济的寓言 A Parable for the Modern Economy 16 张顺和李逵专业生产和贸易 Zhang Shun and Li Kui Specialize and Trade 如果他们各自生产他们适合生产的产品、 然后进行交易，那么他们的情况都会变好 Each would be better off if they specialized in producing the product they are more suited to produce, and then trade with each other. 张顺应该生产鱼。 Zhang Shun should produce fish. 李逵应该生产柴。 Li Kui should produce firewood. 17 贸易的好处 The Gains from Trade 他们生产什么 What They Produce 他们贸易什么 What They Trade 他们消费什么 What They Consume 张顺 10斤鱼 0斤柴 以5斤鱼 换得25斤柴 5斤鱼 (A*) 25斤柴 李逵 0斤鱼 50斤柴 以25斤柴 换得5斤鱼 5斤鱼 (B*) 25斤柴 18 贸易扩大了消费可能性集合 Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Possibilities 鱼（斤） 柴（斤） 10 25 12.5 0 5 A A* 张顺贸易后的消 费 Zhang Shun’s consumption with trade 张顺贸易前的消 费 Zhang Shun’s consumption without trade (a)贸易如何增加了张顺的消费 How Trade Increases Zhang Shun’s Consumption
贸易扩大了消费可能性集合 Trade Expands the Set of 从贸易中获益 Consumption Possibilities The Gains from Trade 柴(斤 (b)贸易如何增加了李的消费 How Trade Increases Li Kuis 消贵的增加 The Increase in 李造贸易后 125斤柴(A°A 鱼数量不变 25斤鱼(B°B) 李逵贸易前的消费 柴数量不变 斤 比较优势原理 The Principle of 生产成本的差异 Differences in Costs of production Comparative Advantage 生产成本的差异决定了: 度量生产成本差异有两种方法 Differences in the costs of production Two ways to measure differences determine the following: in costs of production ◆谁应当生产什么? Who should produce what ◆每种产品应该换得多少? How much should be ◆生产一单位产品(例如一斤鱼)的时间数 traded for each product? The number of hours required to produce a unit of output (for example, one unit of fish) 张顺和李逵,谁能以较低的成本生产鱼 ◆为了一种产品而放弃另一种产品的机会成本 Who can produce fish at a lower cost- The opportunity cost of sacrificing one good for Zhang Shun or Li Kui? another 比较优势 专业化和贸易 Comparative Advantage Specialization and trade ◆根据生产商的机会成本进行比较 ◆谁在生产鱼上具有比较优势? Compares producers of a good according to their opportunit cost. Who has the comparative advantage in the production of ◆机会成本较小的生产商生产该种产品时具有比 fish? 较优塑 张顺还是李逵? The producer who has the smaller opportunity cost of producing a good is said to have a Zhang Shun or Li Kui? comparative advantage in producing that good
4 19 贸易扩大了消费可能性集合 Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Possibilities 鱼（斤） 柴（斤） 50 25 0 2.5 B 5 B* 李逵贸易前的消费 Li Kui’s consumption without trade 李逵贸易后 的消费 Li Kui’s consumptio n with trade (b)贸易如何增加了李逵的消费 How Trade Increases Li Kui’s Consumption 20 从贸易中获益 The Gains from Trade 消费的增加 The Increase in Consumption 张顺 12.5斤柴 (A*- A) 鱼数量不变 李逵 2.5斤鱼 (B*- B) 柴数量不变 21 比较优势原理 The Principle of Comparative Advantage 谁应当生产什么？Who should produce what? 每种产品应该换得多少？How much should be traded for each product? 张顺和李逵，谁能以较低的成本生产鱼 Who can produce fish at a lower cost— Zhang Shun or Li Kui? 生产成本的差异决定了： Differences in the costs of production determine the following: 22 生产成本的差异 Differences in Costs of Production 生产一单位产品（例如一斤鱼）的时间数。 The number of hours required to produce a unit of output. (for example, one unit of fish) 为了一种产品而放弃另一种产品的机会成本。 The opportunity cost of sacrificing one good for another. 度量生产成本差异有两种方法 Two ways to measure differences in costs of production: 23 比较优势 Comparative Advantage 根据生产商的机会成本进行比较。 Compares producers of a good according to their opportunity cost. 机会成本较小的生产商生产该种产品时具有比 较优势。 The producer who has the smaller opportunity cost of producing a good is said to have a comparative advantage in producing that good. 24 专业化和贸易 Specialization and Trade 谁在生产鱼上具有比较优势？ Who has the comparative advantage in the production of fish? 张顺还是李逵? Zhang Shun or Li Kui?
生产鱼和柴的机会成本 比较优势与贸易 The Opportunity Cost Comparative Advantage and of fish and firewood T rade 机会成本 Opportunity cost of 1斤 机会成本的差别(即比较优势)为人 张 15=4斤鱼 们从贸易中受益创造了条件。 Differences in opportunity cost and comparative advantage create the 因此,张属在生产鱼方面具有比敦优势,而李递在生 产染方面具有比较优势 gains from trade so, Zhang Shun has a comparative advantage in the production of fish but Li Kul has a comparative 可分两步来理解 advantage in the production of firewood. 比较优势与贸易 比较优势与生产效率 Comparative Advantage and Comparative Advantage and Trade Production Efficiency ◆第一步:当每个人专门生产自己有比较 红存能使小生产细更济 变类的物脏主都寄角案让变 张顺生产1斤鱼的(机会)成本为25斤柴,而 会成本为 When each person specializes in 图此氧嵌要少维的生凭条请率雨可要生 producing the good for which he or she 将在生产鱼的教量不变的情况下 has a comparative advantage, total production in the economy rises, and this 李逸都生产他们各自具有比 increase in the size of the economic pie 向外移动了生产可能性边 can be used to make everyone better off. 比较优势与贸易 比较优势与贸易 Comparative Advantage and Comparative Advantage and Trade Trade ◆第二步:只要两个人有不同的机会成本 每个人都可以通过低于自己生产时的 ◆在贸易的时候,为了使自己受益 机会成本的价格得到一种物品,而从贸 ◆张顺出售他具有比较优势(低的机会成 易中获益。 本)的产品—鱼,李速出售他具有比 n other words, when two people have a 较优势的产品柴。 different opportunity costs, each can ◆张顺应该以不低于25斤柴的数量出售1斤 benefit from trade by obtaining a good at 鱼;李逵应该以不高于10斤柴的数量购 a price lower than his or her opportunity cost of that good 买1斤鱼 ◆交换比例在1斤鱼换25-10斤柴之间
5 25 生产鱼和柴的机会成本 The Opportunity Cost of Fish and Firewood 机会成本 Opportunity Cost of: 1 斤鱼 1 斤柴 张顺 0.8/0.32=2.5斤柴 (1/2.5)=0.4斤鱼 李逵 1.6/0.16=10斤柴 (1/10)=0.1斤鱼 …因此，张顺在生产鱼方面具有比较优势，而李逵在生 产柴方面具有比较优势 …so, Zhang Shun has a comparative advantage in so, Zhang Shun has a comparative advantage in the production of fish but Li the production of fish but Li Kui has a comparative has a comparative advantage in the production of firewood. advantage in the production of firewood. 26 比较优势与贸易 Comparative Advantage and Trade 机会成本的差别（即比较优势）为人 们从贸易中受益创造了条件。 Differences in opportunity cost and comparative advantage create the gains from trade. 可以分两步来理解…… 27 比较优势与贸易 Comparative Advantage and Trade 第一步：当每个人专门生产自己有比较 优势的物品时，经济的总产量增加了； 变大的经济“蛋糕”可以用来让每个人变 得更好。 When each person specializes in producing the good for which he or she has a comparative advantage, total production in the economy rises, and this increase in the size of the economic pie can be used to make everyone better off. 28 比较优势与生产效率 Comparative Advantage and Production Efficiency 考虑由张顺和李逵组成一个生产小组。应该如何在他 们之间分配工作，才能使小组总产出更多？ 张顺生产1斤鱼的（机会）成本为2.5斤柴，而李逵的机 会成本为10斤柴。 因此，每将1斤鱼的生产任务从李逵处重新分配到张顺 处，张顺就要少生产2.5斤柴，而李逵则可以多生产10 斤柴。整个生产小组将在生产鱼的数量不变的情况下 多生产10-2.5=7.5斤柴！ 在生产小组中，让张顺和李逵都生产他们各自具有比 较优势（低的机会成本）的产品（即专业化），提高 了整个生产小组的总产量，向外移动了生产可能性边 界。 29 比较优势与贸易 Comparative Advantage and Trade 第二步：只要两个人有不同的机会成本 ，每个人都可以通过低于自己生产时的 机会成本的价格得到一种物品，而从贸 易中获益。 In other words, when two people have a different opportunity costs, each can benefit from trade by obtaining a good at a price lower than his or her opportunity cost of that good. 30 比较优势与贸易 Comparative Advantage and Trade 在贸易的时候，为了使自己受益…… 张顺出售他具有比较优势（低的机会成 本）的产品——鱼，李逵出售他具有比 较优势的产品——柴。 张顺应该以不低于2.5斤柴的数量出售1斤 鱼；李逵应该以不高于10斤柴的数量购 买1斤鱼。 交换比例在1斤鱼换2.5-10斤柴之间
比较优势原理 The Principle of 贸易的好处 Benefits of trade Comparative Advantage ◆比较优势和机会成本差异是专业化生产 以及进行贸易的基础 贸易能使社会中的每一位成员获得好 Comparative advantage and differences in 处,因为贸易允许人们从事他们具有 opportunity costs are the basis for specialized 比较优势的专业生产。 production and trade. ◆无论什么时候,只要潜在的贸易伙伴存 Trade can benefit everyone in a 在机会成本的差异,他们都能从贸易中 society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they Whenever potential trading parties have have a comparative advantage. differences in opportunity costs, they can each benefit from trade 亚当斯密与贸易 大卫李嘉图与贸易 Adam Smith and Trade David ricardo and trade 亚当斯密在1776年《国富论》一书中对贸易与 大卫李嘉图在1816年的《政治经济学 经济的相互依赖性做了详尽的分析经济学 家们至今对此仍深信不疑。 与税收》书中发展了我们今天所熟知 In his 1776 book An Inquin into the Nature and 的比较优势原则 Causes of the Wealth ofNations, Adam Smith In his 1816 book Principles of political performed a detailed analysis of trade and Econonmy and Taxation, David Ricardo economic interdependence, which economists developed the principle of comparative still adhere to today advantage as we know it today 绝对优势 绝对优势 Absolute Advantage Absolute Advantage ◆张顺仅需要0.8小时生产一斤鱼,而李遗却需要16小时 ◆描述一个人、一家公司或一个国家相对其他人、公 oduce a unit of ish, whereas Li Kui needs 1. 6 hours 司或国家的生产力。 ◆李生产一斤仅需要0.16小时,而张顺却需要0.32小 Describes the productivity of one person, firm, or nation compared to that of another. Li Kui needs only 0. 16 hour to produce a unit of ◆生产商在生产一种产品时的要素投入少,则他在生 firewood. whereas Zhang Shun needs 0.32 hours. 产该种产品时具有绝对优势 张顺生产鱼具有鹅对优势,李生产泉具有对优势 The producer that requires a smaller quantity of Zhang Shun has an absolute advantage in the inputs to produce a good is said to have an absolute production of fish, and Li Kui has an absolute advantage in producing that good. advantage in the production of firewood
6 31 比较优势原理 The Principle of Comparative Advantage 比较优势和机会成本差异是专业化生产 以及进行贸易的基础。 Comparative advantage and differences in opportunity costs are the basis for specialized production and trade. 无论什么时候，只要潜在的贸易伙伴存 在机会成本的差异，他们都能从贸易中 获益。 Whenever potential trading parties have differences in opportunity costs, they can each benefit from trade. 32 贸易的好处 Benefits of Trade 贸易能使社会中的每一位成员获得好 处，因为贸易允许人们从事他们具有 比较优势的专业生产。 Trade can benefit everyone in a society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. 33 亚当•斯密与贸易 Adam Smith and Trade 亚当•斯密在1776年《国富论》一书中对贸易与 经济的相互依赖性做了详尽的分析——经济学 家们至今对此仍深信不疑。 In his 1776 book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith performed a detailed analysis of trade and economic interdependence, which economists still adhere to today. 34 大卫•李嘉图与贸易 David Ricardo and Trade 大卫•李嘉图在1816年的《政治经济学 与税收》书中发展了我们今天所熟知 的比较优势原则。 In his 1816 book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, David Ricardo developed the principle of comparative advantage as we know it today. 35 绝对优势 Absolute Advantage 描述一个人、一家公司或一个国家相对其他人、公 司或国家的生产力。 Describes the productivity of one person, firm, or nation compared to that of another. 生产商在生产一种产品时的要素投入少，则他在生 产该种产品时具有绝对优势。 The producer that requires a smaller quantity of inputs to produce a good is said to have an absolute advantage in producing that good. 36 绝对优势 Absolute Advantage 张顺仅需要0.8小时生产一斤鱼，而李逵却需要1.6小时 Zhang Shun needs only 0.8 hours to produce a unit of fish, whereas Li Kui needs 1.6 hours. 李逵生产一斤柴仅需要0.16小时，而张顺却需要0.32小 时。 Li Kui needs only 0.16 hour to produce a unit of firewood, whereas Zhang Shun needs 0.32 hours. 张顺生产鱼具有绝对优势, 李逵生产柴具有绝对优势 Zhang Shun has an absolute advantage in the production of fish, and Li Kui has an absolute advantage in the production of firewood
绝对优势和比较优势 Absolute Advantage v 李逵与李鬼的生产可能性 Comparative Advantage The Production Opportunities of Li Kui and Li gui ◆是谁决定着贸易和专业化分工, 比较优势还是绝对优势? 斤的时阿(小时): 小时)的产量(斤): Which determines trade and 053小时 specialization? Absolute or comparative advantage? ◆考虑下面的例子 绝对优势和比较优势 Absolute Advantage v. 比较优势的应用 Comparative Advantage ◆李逵在鱼和柴的生产上都具有绝对 ◆样样比人强,样样自己干,是正 优势,但只在柴的生产上具有比较 确的吗? 优势。 李鬼多生产鱼,李逵多生产柴,然 ◆富国与穷国的贸易是富国剥削穷 后进行贸易,可以使双方获得好处 国吗 ◆为什么? 经济学十大原理在本讲中的运用 总结 Summary ◆原理1:人们面临得失交换。 经济的相互依赖性和贸易允许人们享受 ◆原理2:做某事的机会成本就是你为 更多数量、更多种类的商品和服务。 之放弃的东西 Interdependence and trade allow people to enjoy a greater quantity and variety of goods ◆原理3:理性人在边际上思考问题。 and services ◆原理4:人对激励做出反应。 ◆原理5:贸易使人人受益
7 37 绝对优势和比较优势 Absolute Advantage v. Comparative Advantage 是谁决定着贸易和专业化分工， 比较优势还是绝对优势？ Which determines trade and specialization? Absolute or comparative advantage? 考虑下面的例子…… 38 李逵与李鬼的生产可能性 The Production Opportunities of Li Kui and Li Gui 生产一斤的时间（小时）： 一天（8小时）的产量（斤）： 鱼 柴 鱼 柴 李鬼 2.67小时 0.53小时 3斤 15斤 李逵 1.6小时 0.16小时 5斤 50斤 39 李逵在鱼和柴的生产上都具有绝对 优势，但只在柴的生产上具有比较 优势。 李鬼多生产鱼，李逵多生产柴，然 后进行贸易，可以使双方获得好处 。 为什么？ 绝对优势和比较优势 Absolute Advantage v. Comparative Advantage 40 比较优势的应用 样样比人强，样样自己干，是正 确的吗？ 富国与穷国的贸易是富国剥削穷 国吗？ 41 经济学十大原理在本讲中的运用 原理1：人们面临得失交换。 原理2：做某事的机会成本就是你为 之放弃的东西。 原理3：理性人在边际上思考问题。 原理4：人对激励做出反应。 原理5：贸易使人人受益。 42 总结 Summary 经济的相互依赖性和贸易允许人们享受 更多数量、更多种类的商品和服务。 Interdependence and trade allow people to enjoy a greater quantity and variety of goods and services
总结 总结 Summary 箭具有绝意要素投入按少的生产 Summa ◆从贸易中获益是来自于比较优势,而非 The person who can produce a good with 绝对优势 a smaller quantity of inputs has al he gains from trade are based on absolute advantage comparative advantage, not absolute advantage ◆生产一种商品,机会成本较小的生产 商具有“比较优势” ◆比较优势既适用于国家又适用于个人 Comparative advantage applies to The person with a smaller opportunity ountries as well as to people. cost has a comparative advantage
8 43 总结 Summary 生产一种商品，要素投入较少的生产 商具有“绝对优势” The person who can produce a good with a smaller quantity of inputs has an absolute advantage. 生产一种商品，机会成本较小的生产 商具有“比较优势” The person with a smaller opportunity cost has a comparative advantage. 44 总结 Summary 从贸易中获益是来自于比较优势，而非 绝对优势 The gains from trade are based on comparative advantage, not absolute advantage. 比较优势既适用于国家又适用于个人 Comparative advantage applies to countries as well as to people