CAPITVLVM DECIMVM CAP.X 如本课中： Timor vulgatus est.The fear was spread. vulgo,vulgare,vulgavi,vulgatum 1 to spread;目的分i词vulgat>vulgatus est Dani in regione iam viginti annos non visi erant.The Danes had not been seen in the region now for twenty years; video,videre,vidi,visum目的分词visum>visi erant 至此，拉丁语动词的四种形式全部“现身”。 3用法和翻译 例句 (1)Puella laudata est. The girl has been(or was)praised. (2)Puellae laudatae erant. The girls had been praised. (3)Puellae laudatae erunt. The girls will have been praised. (4)Pueri moniti sunt. The boys have been (were)warned. (5)Pericula non visa sunt. The dangers have been (were )not seen. (6)Litterae scriptae erunt. The letter will have been written. 注意： (1) 词尾-s--ml-i-ae-a表示“数”和“性”，esse系统(sum系、eram系、ero系)表 示“数”、“人称”和“时间”。 (2) 目的分词和esse要作为一个整体，不能把lautatus est译成he is praised(=ladatur), 不能把laudatus erat译成he was praised(=laudabatur) (3) 完成时的sum系可以翻译为has/have been,也可以翻译为was/were一般过去时 (上例中1、4、5)，后者更常见。 (4) 完成时的eram系为“过去完成时”，拉丁语称其为pluperfactum(过去的过去)。 二 Esse的完成时系统 现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 (has/have been) (had been) (will have been) fui fueram fuero fuisti fueras fueris fuit fuerat fuerit fuimus fueramus fuerimus fuistis fueratis fueritis fuerunt fuerant fuerunt 本课的例句CAPITVLVM DECIMVM CAP.X 2 如本课中: Timor vulgatus est. The fear was spread. vulgo, vulgare, vulgavi, vulgatum 1 to spread ; 目的分词 vulgatum> vulgatus est Dani in regione iam viginti annos non visi erant. The Danes had not been seen in the region now for twenty years; video, videre, vidi, visum 目的分词 visum> visi erant 至此，拉丁语动词的四种形式全部“现身”。 3 用法和翻译 例句 (1) Puella laudata est. The girl has been( or was) praised. (2) Puellae laudatae erant. The girls had been praised. (3) Puellae laudatae erunt. The girls will have been praised. (4) Pueri moniti sunt. The boys have been (were) warned. (5) Pericula non visa sunt. The dangers have been (were )not seen. (6) Litterae scriptae erunt. The letter will have been written. 注意： （1） 词尾-us-a-um/-i-ae-a 表示“数”和“性”，esse 系统（sum 系、eram 系、ero 系）表 示“数”、“人称”和“时间”。 （2） 目的分词和 esse 要作为一个整体，不能把 lautatus est 译成 he is praised (= ladatur) ， 不能把 laudatus erat 译成 he was praised(= laudabatur) . （3） 完成时的 sum 系可以翻译为 has/ have been，也可以翻译为 was/ were 一般过去时 （上例中 1、4、5），后者更常见。 （4） 完成时的 eram 系为“过去完成时”，拉丁语称其为 pluperfactum （过去的过去）。 二 Esse 的完成时系统 现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 （has/have been） (had been) （will have been） fui fueram fuero fuisti fueras fueris fuit fuerat fuerit fuimus fueramus fuerimus fuistis fueratis fueritis fuerunt fuerant fuerunt 本课的例句