2.15 Undemourishment and obesity rates vary by region,most recent year available 70 4.12 Men have more time for leisure and social activities than women do across 3.1 Although the importance of agriculture to economies may be dropping.the all human development groupings,most recent year available 119 importance of agriculture to workers,albeit declining.remains high 79 4.13 Grandparents often spend time caring for grandchildren,2006-2007 119 3.2 Adoption of new technologies in the United States has been impressively quick 82 4.14 The burden of elder care will rise much more quickly in China than in the 3.3 The change in technology penetration around the world between 1995 and 2015 United States 120 was substantial and holds promise to benefit people around the world 5.1 There is a strong positive association between energy consumption and the 3.4 The digital revolution has accelerated the global production of goods and Human Development Index for developing countries 136 services,particularly digital trade 5.2 The largest share of global employment in agriculture is in East Asia and 3.5 The digital component of global flows has increased-selected examples 88 South Asia 141 3.6 Opportunities for mobile applications for agriculture and rural development 89 6.1 More than 170 countries have ratified the Equal Remuneration Convention of 3.7 Mobile subscriptions and connections in Sub-Saharan Africa are predicted to 1951 and the Discrimination(Employment and Occupation)Convention of 1958 161 rise substantially between 2013 and 2020 % 6.2 By 2014.65 countries had laws prohibiting discrimination in employment 3.8 Between 1970 and 2014 the number of patents granted by the United States based on sexual orientation in at least part of their territory-more than triple Patent and Trademark Office increased almost fivefold 94 the number 15 years ago 162 3.9 Japan led the way in total number of patents granted in 2013 94 6.3 Globally.the same general labour law that covers other workers covers only 3.10 The 20 jobs most and least likely to be replaced by automation 9 10 percent of domestic workers,2010 163 3.11 In the Netherlands and the United States productivity gains have not 6.4 The relationship between mean years of schooling and labour force participation for women shows a shallow U shape 171 translated into higher wages for the most part 100 3.12 The growth rate of productivity has not had the exceptional boost expected with the advent of the digital revolution 100 MAPS 3.13 Workers overall are getting a smaller share of total corporate income based 5.1 Fertilizer use varies widely 142 on analysis from 27 developed countries and 28 developing countries ⊙ 5.2 The employment potential of renewable energy is considerable 146 3.14 The income shares of high-skill labour have beengoing up.while the share of medium-and low-skill labour has been going down 101 TABLES 3.15 The sharp increase of work compensation to top salary eamers has benefited a minority.cumulative change since 1980 101 1 Sustainable Development Goals 15 4.1 Men dominate the world of paid work,and women the world of unpaid work 107 1.1 Employment rate of people with disabilities,low-and high-income countries 4.2 Women are less likely to be engaged in paid work,as shown by the labour A1.1 Work with exploitation,risks and insecurities 47 force participation rate 108 A1.2 Different types of employment 51 4.3 In 2015,72 percent of working-age (ages 15 and older)men were employed, 2.1 Gender Development Index values by region.2014 59 compared with 47 percent of women 109 2.2 Countries with the most people in multidimensional poverty 61 4.4 A large part of the wage gap between men and women is unexplained 110 2.3 Human Development Index and Inequality-adjusted Human Development 4.5 Women are underrepresented in senior business management across Index values for selected regions,2014 66 all regions,2015 111 A2.1 Balance sheet of human development 74 4.6 Women are less likely to occupy positions of leadership in public service,2014 111 4.1 Domestic workers in India by sector,2004-05(thousands) 115 4.7 Fewer women than men are represented among both early-stage and 4.2 Migrant domestic workers in Gulf Cooperation Council countries 115 established entrepreneurs.2014 112 A4.1 Time use 125 4.8 Across most parts of the world women are more likely to be in vulnerable 5.1 Greenhouse gas emissions and employment by sector 135 employment,2013 113 5.2 Coping with industrywide closures 139 4.9 In South Asia agriculture accounts for more than 60 percent of 5.3 Number of home solar systems installed and people without access to female employment 114 electricity(selected countries).various years 143 4.10 In rural Malawi women are more frequently unpaid,even when working 5.4 Jobs generated from clean energy 146 outside the home,2008 114 5.5 The demand for teachers 147 4.11 Women take the major burden of unpaid care work,most recent year available 118 5.6 The demand for health workers 148 A6.1 Status of fundamental labour rights conventions 182 Contents ix2.15 Undernourishment and obesity rates vary by region, most recent year available 70 3.1 Although the importance of agriculture to economies may be dropping, the importance of agriculture to workers, albeit declining, remains high 79 3.2 Adoption of new technologies in the United States has been impressively quick 82 3.3 The change in technology penetration around the world between 1995 and 2015 was substantial and holds promise to benefit people around the world 83 3.4 The digital revolution has accelerated the global production of goods and services, particularly digital trade 87 3.5 The digital component of global flows has increased—selected examples 88 3.6 Opportunities for mobile applications for agriculture and rural development 89 3.7 Mobile subscriptions and connections in Sub-Saharan Africa are predicted to rise substantially between 2013 and 2020 89 3.8 Between 1970 and 2014 the number of patents granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office increased almost fivefold 94 3.9 Japan led the way in total number of patents granted in 2013 94 3.10 The 20 jobs most and least likely to be replaced by automation 99 3.11 In the Netherlands and the United States productivity gains have not translated into higher wages for the most part 100 3.12 The growth rate of productivity has not had the exceptional boost expected with the advent of the digital revolution 100 3.13 Workers overall are getting a smaller share of total corporate income based on analysis from 27 developed countries and 28 developing countries 101 3.14 The income shares of high-skill labour have been going up, while the share of medium- and low-skill labour has been going down 101 3.15 The sharp increase of work compensation to top salary earners has benefited a minority, cumulative change since 1980 101 4.1 Men dominate the world of paid work, and women the world of unpaid work 107 4.2 Women are less likely to be engaged in paid work, as shown by the labour force participation rate 108 4.3 In 2015, 72 percent of working-age (ages 15 and older) men were employed, compared with 47 percent of women 109 4.4 A large part of the wage gap between men and women is unexplained 110 4.5 Women are underrepresented in senior business management across all regions, 2015 111 4.6 Women are less likely to occupy positions of leadership in public service, 2014 111 4.7 Fewer women than men are represented among both early-stage and established entrepreneurs, 2014 112 4.8 Across most parts of the world women are more likely to be in vulnerable employment, 2013 113 4.9 In South Asia agriculture accounts for more than 60 percent of female employment 114 4.10 In rural Malawi women are more frequently unpaid, even when working outside the home, 2008 114 4.11 Women take the major burden of unpaid care work, most recent year available 118 4.12 Men have more time for leisure and social activities than women do across all human development groupings, most recent year available 119 4.13 Grandparents often spend time caring for grandchildren, 2006–2007 119 4.14 The burden of elder care will rise much more quickly in China than in the United States 120 5.1 There is a strong positive association between energy consumption and the Human Development Index for developing countries 136 5.2 The largest share of global employment in agriculture is in East Asia and South Asia 141 6.1 More than 170 countries have ratified the Equal Remuneration Convention of 1951 and the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention of 1958 161 6.2 By 2014, 65 countries had laws prohibiting discrimination in employment based on sexual orientation in at least part of their territory—more than triple the number 15 years ago 162 6.3 Globally, the same general labour law that covers other workers covers only 10 percent of domestic workers, 2010 163 6.4 The relationship between mean years of schooling and labour force participation for women shows a shallow U shape 171 MAPS 5.1 Fertilizer use varies widely 142 5.2 The employment potential of renewable energy is considerable 146 TABLES 1 Sustainable Development Goals 15 1.1 Employment rate of people with disabilities, low- and high-income countries 38 A1.1 Work with exploitation, risks and insecurities 47 A1.2 Different types of employment 51 2.1 Gender Development Index values by region, 2014 59 2.2 Countries with the most people in multidimensional poverty 61 2.3 Human Development Index and Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index values for selected regions, 2014 65 A2.1 Balance sheet of human development 74 4.1 Domestic workers in India by sector, 2004–05 (thousands) 115 4.2 Migrant domestic workers in Gulf Cooperation Council countries 115 A4.1 Time use 125 5.1 Greenhouse gas emissions and employment by sector 135 5.2 Coping with industrywide closures 139 5.3 Number of home solar systems installed and people without access to electricity (selected countries), various years 143 5.4 Jobs generated from clean energy 146 5.5 The demand for teachers 147 5.6 The demand for health workers 148 A6.1 Status of fundamental labour rights conventions 182 Contents | ix