SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS 6.16 Cash for care work 172 Building peace,restoring hope:women's role in nation building-Leymah Gbowee 40 6.17 Gender policies in Norway 173 Working towards the elimination of child labour-Kailash Satyarthi 42 6.18 Turkey's private sector initiative on overcoming skills mismatch at the Inequality and labour markets-Robert Reich 66 local level 174 6.19 The "social wage"of work 176 Creative work-Orhan Pamuk 96 Central Asia:emerged region,emerging challenges and opportunities for women 6.20 Possible measures at the country level for moving towards sustainable work 177 -Roza Otunbayeva 116 6.21 Flexicurity in Denmark 180 Community participation for improving rural livelihoods-lessons from the past 6.22 Four pillars of the Decent Work Agenda 180 -Maithripala Sirisena 134 Recyclers:from waste pickers to global agents of sustainable development FIGURES Nohra Padilla 138 1 Work engages people all over the world in different ways 2 Building skills and protecting workers for inclusive growth-Benigno S.Aquinol 158 2 Work and human development are synergistic 3 3 Corrosive and exploitative work shatters human development 6 BOXES 4 Speed of adoption of new technologies in the United States 7 1 Human development-a comprehensive approach 2 5 The 20 jobs most and least likely to be replaced by automation 2 Measuring human development 3 6 Women's representation in senior management in business,by region,2015 12 3 Possible measures at the country level for moving towards sustainable work 21 7 The matrix of sustainable work 14 4 Flexicurity in Denmark 23 8 Policy options for enhancing human development through work 17 5 The four pillars of the Decent Work Agenda 23 9 Number of countries having ratifed International Labour Organization 1.1 What is work? 30 conventions,1990 and 2014 19 1.2 Measures of quality of work 35 1.1 Work encompasses more than just jobs 1.3 What brings happiness-having a job or something beyond it? 36 1.2 Workers from countries with low pension coverage tend to stay in the 2.1 Uneven access to the digital revolution 令 labour market after age 65,while workers from countries with high pension 2.2 Impact of long-term youth unemployment 64 coverage tend to retire earlier 32 2.3 Alternative measures of human well-being 72 1.3 Work and human development are synergistic 33 3.1 An encapsulated history of work 78 1.4 Corrosive and exploitative work shatters human development % 1.5 Women and girls account for a larger share of forced labour than men 3.2 The fourth industrial revolution 82 and boys,2012 41 3.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina-local development through outsourcing 85 1.6 Annual profits from forced labour have been highest in Asia and the Pacific 3.4 Challenges for start-ups in the Arab States 92 since 2006 必 3.5 Initiatives to improve crowdworking 92 1.7 Over 2007-2010 a substantial number of trafficked victims were trafficked 4.1 Monetary valuation of unpaid care work 117 for sexual exploitation 45 4.2 Credits for long-term elder care in Japan 120 2.1 Progress on the Human Development Index since 1990 has been fairly 4.3 Paid parental leave,including mandatory paternity leave 123 steady over time and across all developing regions 西 5.1 The Sustainable Development Goals and human development 132 2.2 Between 199 and 2014 the number of people living in countries in higher 5.2 Transforming ship breaking:promoting sustainable work by implementing human development classifications rose,while the number of people living in standards 140 countries in the low human development classification fell 56 5.3 Implementing Tajikistan's National Programmen Application of 2.3 There is no automatic link between income and human development,2014 51 Renewable Energy Sources 143 2.4 Income poverty in Kyrgyzstan would be much higher without remittances 58 5.4 Big data:some applications for work and the Sustainable Development Goals 145 2.5 Disaggregated Human Development Index values can unmask national 6.1 National employment strategies 152 averages:Ethiopia 58 6.2 Self-employment programme of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 153 2.6 Children in South Africa are not only disproportionately poor,but also more 6.3 Labour standard to tackle informal economy-a new milestone 154 concentrated in the poorest households,2012 0 2.7 Access to basic social services in Moldova is unequal by rural-urban locale. 6.4 M-Pesa-an innovative approach to financial inclusion 155 2014 60 6.5 Remaining competitive by improving working conditions 156 2.8 East Asia and the Pacific had the greatest reduction in Human Development 6.6 Cambodia-a success story in the globalized world of work 157 Index shortfall among developing country regions over 1990-2014 60 6.7 Protecting the rights of sex workers 162 2.9 Rural areas of China have a higher prevalence of multidimensional poverty 6.8 The Self-Employed Women's Association-the world's largest trade union than urban areas,2012 62 of informal workers 164 2.10 Extent of human deprivations in the world 62 6.9 Rural Employment Opportunities for Public Assets in Bangladesh 166 2.11 The youth unemployment rate is highest in the Arab States,2008-2014 64 6.10 National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India-a milestone 167 2.12 Around 80 percent of the world's people have just 6 percent of global 6.11 Chile's reforms to the reform:more solidarity,more contributions 168 wealth,2014 雪 6.12 How Montenegrins value tertiary education 169 2.13 In low human development countries the main driver of a high dependency 6.13 Bolsa Familia-Brazil's conditional cash transfer programme 170 ratio is a young population,2014 6.14 Suggested measures for reducing inequalities 170 2.14n1950 a third of the world's population lived in cities.in200 nearly half 6.15 Positive parental leave systems 172 were city dwellers and by 2050 more than two-thirds will be 67 viii HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS Building peace, restoring hope: women’s role in nation building — Leymah Gbowee 40 Working towards the elimination of child labour — Kailash Satyarthi 42 Inequality and labour markets — Robert Reich 66 Creative work — Orhan Pamuk 96 Central Asia: emerged region, emerging challenges and opportunities for women — Roza Otunbayeva 116 Community participation for improving rural livelihoods—lessons from the past — Maithripala Sirisena 134 Recyclers: from waste pickers to global agents of sustainable development — Nohra Padilla 138 Building skills and protecting workers for inclusive growth — Benigno S. Aquino III 158 BOXES 1 Human development—a comprehensive approach 2 2 Measuring human development 3 3 Possible measures at the country level for moving towards sustainable work 21 4 Flexicurity in Denmark 23 5 The four pillars of the Decent Work Agenda 23 1.1 What is work? 30 1.2 Measures of quality of work 35 1.3 What brings happiness—having a job or something beyond it? 36 2.1 Uneven access to the digital revolution 59 2.2 Impact of long-term youth unemployment 64 2.3 Alternative measures of human well-being 72 3.1 An encapsulated history of work 78 3.2 The fourth industrial revolution 82 3.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina—local development through outsourcing 85 3.4 Challenges for start-ups in the Arab States 92 3.5 Initiatives to improve crowdworking 92 4.1 Monetary valuation of unpaid care work 117 4.2 Credits for long-term elder care in Japan 120 4.3 Paid parental leave, including mandatory paternity leave 123 5.1 The Sustainable Development Goals and human development 132 5.2 Transforming ship breaking: promoting sustainable work by implementing standards 140 5.3 Implementing Tajikistan’s National Programme on Application of Renewable Energy Sources 143 5.4 Big data: some applications for work and the Sustainable Development Goals 145 6.1 National employment strategies 152 6.2 Self-employment programme of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 153 6.3 Labour standard to tackle informal economy—a new milestone 154 6.4 M-Pesa—an innovative approach to financial inclusion 155 6.5 Remaining competitive by improving working conditions 156 6.6 Cambodia—a success story in the globalized world of work 157 6.7 Protecting the rights of sex workers 162 6.8 The Self-Employed Women’s Association—the world’s largest trade union of informal workers 164 6.9 Rural Employment Opportunities for Public Assets in Bangladesh 166 6.10 National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India—a milestone 167 6.11 Chile’s reforms to the reform: more solidarity, more contributions 168 6.12 How Montenegrins value tertiary education 169 6.13 Bolsa Família—Brazil’s conditional cash transfer programme 170 6.14 Suggested measures for reducing inequalities 170 6.15 Positive parental leave systems 172 6.16 Cash for care work 172 6.17 Gender policies in Norway 173 6.18 Turkey’s private sector initiative on overcoming skills mismatch at the local level 174 6.19 The “social wage” of work 176 6.20 Possible measures at the country level for moving towards sustainable work 177 6.21 Flexicurity in Denmark 180 6.22 Four pillars of the Decent Work Agenda 180 FIGURES 1 Work engages people all over the world in different ways 2 2 Work and human development are synergistic 3 3 Corrosive and exploitative work shatters human development 6 4 Speed of adoption of new technologies in the United States 7 5 The 20 jobs most and least likely to be replaced by automation 11 6 Women’s representation in senior management in business, by region, 2015 12 7 The matrix of sustainable work 14 8 Policy options for enhancing human development through work 17 9 Number of countries having ratified International Labour Organization conventions, 1990 and 2014 19 1.1 Work encompasses more than just jobs 31 1.2 Workers from countries with low pension coverage tend to stay in the labour market after age 65, while workers from countries with high pension coverage tend to retire earlier 32 1.3 Work and human development are synergistic 33 1.4 Corrosive and exploitative work shatters human development 41 1.5 Women and girls account for a larger share of forced labour than men and boys, 2012 41 1.6 Annual profits from forced labour have been highest in Asia and the Pacific since 2006 44 1.7 Over 2007–2010 a substantial number of trafficked victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation 45 2.1 Progress on the Human Development Index since 1990 has been fairly steady over time and across all developing regions 56 2.2 Between 1990 and 2014 the number of people living in countries in higher human development classifications rose, while the number of people living in countries in the low human development classification fell 56 2.3 There is no automatic link between income and human development, 2014 57 2.4 Income poverty in Kyrgyzstan would be much higher without remittances 58 2.5 Disaggregated Human Development Index values can unmask national averages: Ethiopia 58 2.6 Children in South Africa are not only disproportionately poor, but also more concentrated in the poorest households, 2012 60 2.7 Access to basic social services in Moldova is unequal by rural–urban locale, 2014 60 2.8 East Asia and the Pacific had the greatest reduction in Human Development Index shortfall among developing country regions over 1990–2014 60 2.9 Rural areas of China have a higher prevalence of multidimensional poverty than urban areas, 2012 62 2.10 Extent of human deprivations in the world 62 2.11 The youth unemployment rate is highest in the Arab States, 2008–2014 64 2.12 Around 80 percent of the world’s people have just 6 percent of global wealth, 2014 65 2.13 In low human development countries the main driver of a high dependency ratio is a young population, 2014 67 2.14 In 1950 a third of the world’s population lived in cities, in 2000 nearly half were city dwellers and by 2050 more than two-thirds will be 67 viii | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015