the internal combustion eng ines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field. The internal combustion engine, as its name ind icates, burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expand ing force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle 通常有不同型号的发动机如电动发动机、蒸汽机、内燃机。这些发动机已经成功地运用 在各种汽车上但是内燃机在汽车上的使用几乎完全占据主要的地位。内燃机,顾名思义, 燃料是在汽缸内燃烧的,它将燃料的膨胀力转换成旋转力去驱动汽车 The internal combustion engines can be made to operate on almost anything that can be converted into a gas that will burn: wood, coal, alcohol, vegetable oils, mineral oils, etc However, because of convenience, a wide variety of petroleum products are used as fuel gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gas(LP-Gas ), etc. So, according to the fuel energy they use, the internal combustion eng ines can also be classified as gasoline engines, kerosene engines. diesel engines and Lp-Gas engines 内燃发动机可用几乎一切转换成可燃气体的燃料:柴、煤、酒精、植物油、矿物油等等 然而,从便捷性来看大部分的石油产品被用做燃料:汽油、煤油、燃料油、液化石油气等 等。所以根据内燃机所用的燃料能源,内燃发动机可以归类为:汽油发动机、煤油发动机、 柴油发动机以及液化石油气发动机。 The internal combustion engines used in automotive vehicles are mainly of two basic typ two-stroke-cycle and four-stroke-cycle. Either may be water-cooled or air-cooled. However most automobile engines operate on the four-stroke-cycle 内燃机主要有两种型号的发动机使用在汽车上:二冲程和四冲程水冷和气冷。然而,大部 分汽车发动机使用四冲程 This type of engine is known as Otto cycle, after the name of its inventor, Nikolaus Otto. Each cylinder of the four-stroke-cycle engine has a piston, which reciprocates(move back and forth) within the cylinder. Each piston is connected to the crankshaft by means of a link known as a connecting rod 这种类型的发动机被称为奥拓发动机,是以尼古拉斯奥拓这位发明者的名字命名的。四 冲程的发动机的每个汽缸都有一个活塞活塞是在汽缸内做往复运动(来回运动)的。每 个活塞是通过被称为连杆的杆件连接到曲轴上的。 The power production cycle consists of four strokes of the piston in a reciprocating engine The first stroke draws the combustible mixture. The second stroke compresses the mixture The third stroke creates the power of combustion. The final stroke forces burned gases out of the cylinder 在往复式发动机内的动力循环系统包括活塞的四个冲程。第一个冲程吸收燃烧的混合气。 第二冲程压缩混合气。第三个冲程通过燃烧做功。最后一个冲程将废气排出汽缸外面。 The operating sequence of a four-cycle engine can specifically be described as follow: In the first place, as the piston moves downward to the Bottom Dead Center, a vacuum is created the cylinder. The intake valve opens and air - fuel mixture enters the cylinder. Next, the air- fuel mixture is compressed as the piston moves upward. The spark plug is fired to ignite the air-fuel mixture prior to the piston being at the Top Dead Center. Note that both valves are closed. Then, the air-fuel mixture explodes, which forces the piston downward. Note that both valves are closed. Finally, as the piston starts to move upward, the exhaust valve is opened The piston mov ing up forces the exhaust gases out of the cy linder. This four-stroke-cycle of piston within the cylinder is repeated time and again to push the vehicle forward 四冲程发动机的操作顺序具体描述如下:在第一阶段活塞向上运动到达上止点在汽缸内the internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field. The internal combustion engine, as its name indicates, burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 通常有不同型号的发动机,如:电动发动机、蒸汽机、内燃机。这些发动机已经成功地运用 在各种汽车上,但是内燃机在汽车上的使用几乎完全占据主要的地位。内燃机,顾名思义, 燃料是在汽缸内燃烧的,它将燃料的膨胀力转换成旋转力去驱动汽车。 The internal combustion engines can be made to operate on almost anything that can be converted into a gas that will burn: wood, coal, alcohol, vegetable oils, mineral oils, etc. However, because of convenience, a wide variety of petroleum products are used as fuel: gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas), etc. So, according to the fuel energy they use, the internal combustion engines can also be classified as gasoline engines, kerosene engines, diesel engines and LP-Gas engines. 内燃发动机可用几乎一切转换成可燃气体的燃料:柴、煤、酒精、植物油、矿物油等等。 然而，从便捷性来看,大部分的石油产品被用做燃料:汽油、煤油、燃料油、液化石油气等 等。所以根据内燃机所用的燃料能源，内燃发动机可以归类为:汽油发动机、煤油发动机、 柴油发动机以及液化石油气发动机。 The internal combustion engines used in automotive vehicles are mainly of two basic types: two-stroke-cycle and four-stroke-cycle. Either may be water-cooled or air-cooled. However, most automobile engines operate on the four-stroke-cycle. 内燃机主要有两种型号的发动机使用在汽车上:二冲程和四冲程,水冷和气冷。然而,大部 分汽车发动机使用四冲程。 This type of engine is known as Otto cycle, after the name of its inventor, Nikolaus Otto. Each cylinder of the four-stroke-cycle engine has a piston, which reciprocates (move back and forth) within the cylinder. Each piston is connected to the crankshaft by means of a link known as a connecting rod. 这种类型的发动机被称为:奥拓发动机,是以尼古拉斯·奥拓这位发明者的名字命名的。四 冲程的发动机的每个汽缸都有一个活塞,活塞是在汽缸内做往复运动(来回运动)的。每一 个活塞是通过被称为连杆的杆件连接到曲轴上的。 The power production cycle consists of four strokes of the piston in a reciprocating engine. The first stroke draws the combustible mixture. The second stroke compresses the mixture. The third stroke creates the power of combustion. The final stroke forces burned gases out of the cylinder. 在往复式发动机内的动力循环系统包括活塞的四个冲程。第一个冲程吸收燃烧的混合气。 第二冲程压缩混合气。第三个冲程通过燃烧做功。最后一个冲程将废气排出汽缸外面。 The operating sequence of a four-cycle engine can specifically be described as follow: In the first place, as the piston moves downward to the Bottom Dead Center, a vacuum is created in the cylinder. The intake valve opens and air-fuel mixture enters the cylinder. Next, the air-fuel mixture is compressed as the piston moves upward. The spark plug is fired to ignite the air-fuel mixture prior to the piston being at the Top Dead Center. Note that both valves are closed. Then, the air-fuel mixture explodes, which forces the piston downward. Note that both valves are closed. Finally, as the piston starts to move upward, the exhaust valve is opened. The piston moving up forces the exhaust gases out of the cylinder. This four-stroke-cycle of piston within the cylinder is repeated time and again to push the vehicle forward. 四冲程发动机的操作顺序具体描述如下:在第一阶段,活塞向上运动到达上止点,在汽缸内