TECHNOLOGY OF CEREALS increased grain yield. If prolonged tillering occurs, countries, 28% by the U.S.A., 18% by Canada he last ears formed may not ripen but produce 12% by Australia, 6% by Argentina, 1% by the small immature grains. Nitrogen taken up after former Soviet Union, and 1% by saudi arabia heading is laid down as additional protein in the About nine-tenths of the wheat exports are in seed, with a consequent improvement in nutritive the form of unmilled grain, the remainder as value and often baking quality also Possible ways four. The major exporters of wheat four in 1990 of making nitrogen available at a late stage of were france(23.5% of the total), Italy (17.8%), fertilizers or the late application of foliar sprays, and germany FR(7. 3%) American four goes to e.g. urea, possibly by means of aircraft a large number of countries, but mostly to Egypt (55%of total U.S. flour exports in 1989/90)and Green Revolution the Yemen. Much of the flour exported from Canada goes to Morocco and Cuba. france has This is an expression used to describe the rapid big markets for flour in her former Africa spread of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice territories in many developing countries, particularly in European imports accounted for 16% of the Asia. The threat of a massive famine in these world movement of wheat in 1990. Other large countries has been averted at least in the short importers of wheat in 1990 were the former run, through the success of the Green Revolution. Soviet Union(15%), China(13%), Japan(6%) Characteristics of the new varieties of wheat Egypt (6%), India/ Bangladesh/Pakistan (4%) and rice, and of their use, are: higher, often Iran(4%), Algeria(3%)and Korea% doubled yield of grain per unit of area, combined Wheat flour is imported principally by Egypt with a similar protein content(thus giving the Libya, Syria, Cuba, Hong Kong, Cameroon and possibility of a doubled yield of protein; a larger Yemen These countries absorbed about 53% of return of grain per unit of fertilizer applied and the total trade in wheat four in 1989/90. Imports per man-hour of labour expended; higher yield of flour decrease sharply when a domestic four of protein per unit of irrigation water; early milling industry is established: this happened maturation; less sensitivity to day length, giving about 1960 in the Philippines, 1977 in Egypt greater flexibility in planting time and the 1980 in Sri Lanka ssibility of two or even three crops per year. The effect of the green revolution in India, Utilization for example, has been to increase the amount of wheat available to the total population from 23.4 Data for the domestic utilization of wheat kg per person in 1967 to 52.5 kg per person in certain countries are shown in Table 1.3. 19841986 The most rapid exploitation of the greer Wheat quality Revolution occurs in areas where the land is most 'Quality in the general sense means 'suitability productive, and where a high proportion of the for some particular purpose'; as applied to wheat land is already irrigated Other regions are less the criteria of quality are well suited to benefit from the green revolution yield of end product(wheat, for the grower; ur, for the miller; bread or baked goods, for Crop movements the baker, etc); Over the period 1977/78 to 1990/91, 16-22% of (average 19%)of the entire world wheat crop was o nature of the end product exported from the producing country to other ability, appearance, chemical compos untries.Of the total exports of wheat, as grain, in 1990, 33% was provided by Europ6 TECHNOLOGY OF CEREALS increased grain yield. If prolonged tillering occurs, the last ears formed may not ripen but produce small immature grains. Nitrogen taken up after heading is laid down as additional protein in the seed, with a consequent improvement in nutritive value and often baking quality also. Possible ways of making nitrogen available at a late stage of growth are the early application of slow-acting fertilizers or the late application of foliar sprays, e.g. urea, possibly by means of aircraft. Green Revolution This is an expression used to describe the rapid spread of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice in many developing countries, particularly in Asia. The threat of a massive famine in these countries has been averted, at least in the short run, through the success of the Green Revolution. and rice, and of their use, are: higher, often doubled, yield of grain per unit of area, combined with a similar protein content (thus giving the possibility of a doubled yield of protein); a larger return of grain per unit of fertilizer applied and per man-hour of labour expended; higher yield of protein per unit of irrigation water; early maturation; less sensitivity to day length, giving greater flexibility in planting time and the 1980 in Sri Lanka. possibility of two or even three crops per year. The effect of the Green Revolution in India, for example, has been to increase the amount of wheat available to the total population from 23.4 kg per person in 1967 to 52.5 kg per person in 1984-1 986. The most rapid exploitation of the Green Revolution occurs in areas where the land is most productive, and where a high proportion of the land is already irrigated. Other regions are less well suited to benefit from the Green Revolution. Crop movements the baker, etc); ability, appearance, chemical composition. (average 19%) of the entire world wheat crop was exported from the producing country to other countries. Of the total exports of wheat, as These criteria of quality are dependent upon grain, in 1990, 33% was provided by European the variety of wheat grown and upon environment countries, 28% by the U.S.A., 18% by Canada, 12% by Australia, 6% by Argentina, 1% by the former Soviet Union, and 1% by Saudi Arabia. About nine-tenths of the wheat exports are in the form of unmilled grain, the remainder as flour. The major exporters of wheat flour in 1990 were France (23.5% of the total), Italy (17.8%), U.S.A. (12.9%), BelgiudLuxembourg (8.6%) and Germany FR (7.3%). American flour goes to a large number of countries, but mostly to Egypt (55% of total U.S. flour exports in 1989/90) and the Yemen. Much of the flour exported from Canada goes to Morocco and Cuba. France has big markets for flour in her former African territories. European imports accounted for 16% of the world movement of wheat in 1990. Other large importers of wheat in 1990 were the former Soviet Union (15%), China (13%), Japan (6%), Characteristics of the new varieties of wheat Egypt (6%), India/Bangladesh/Pakistan (‘+yo), Iran (4%), Algeria (3%) and Korea (3%). Wheat flour is imported principally by Egypt, Libya, Syria, Cuba, Hong Kong, Cameroon and Yemen. These countries absorbed about 53% of the total trade in wheat flour in 1989/90. Imports of flour decrease sharply when a domestic flour￾milling industry is established: this happened about 1960 in the Philippines, 1977 in Egypt, Utilization certain Gountries are shown in Table 1.3. Wheat quality ‘Quality’ in the general sense means ‘suitability for some particular purpose’; as applied to wheat, the criteria of quality are: ~ yield of end product (wheat, for the grower; flour, for the miller; bread or baked goods, for Data for the domestic utilization of wheat in 0 ease of processing; Over the period 1977/78 to 1990/91, 16-22% nature of the end product: uniforfity, palat-