化学势 dU=TdS-pdV+μ1dN1+2dN2+…HRdNk T=T(S,V,N1,...,Nk)=T(S,V,{Ni}) D=pSw》=Ns, /a0 41=41(S,V,N1,N2,…,Nk)= 00 =（aNs,V,d =4(s.v》=(照)s化学势 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑇 𝑑𝑆 − 𝑝𝑑𝑉 + 𝜇1𝑑𝑁1 + 𝜇2𝑑𝑁2 + · · · 𝜇𝑘𝑑𝑁𝑘 𝑇 = 𝑇 (𝑆, 𝑉, 𝑁1, · · · , 𝑁𝑘 ) = 𝑇 (𝑆, 𝑉, {𝑁𝑖}) = ( 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑆 ) 𝑉 ,𝑁1,𝑁2,··· ,𝑁𝑘 = ( 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑆 ) 𝑉 {𝑁𝑖 } 𝑝 = 𝑝(𝑆, 𝑉, {𝑁𝑖}) = ( 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑉 ) 𝑆, {𝑁𝑖 } 𝜇1 = 𝜇1 (𝑆, 𝑉, 𝑁1, 𝑁2, · · · , 𝑁𝑘 ) = ( 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑁1 ) 𝑆,𝑉 ,𝑁2,··· ,𝑁𝑘 = ( 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑁1 ) 𝑆,𝑉 , {𝑁𝑖≠1 } 𝜇𝑖 = 𝜇𝑖(𝑆, 𝑉, {𝑁𝑗 }) = ( 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑁𝑖 ) 𝑆,𝑉 , {𝑁𝑗≠𝑖 }