化学势 F=F(T,V,{Ni}) dF=-Sar-pdw+∑：dW s=T,v.W》=-w 4=4(T,V,{N)= G=G(T,p,{Ni}) dG=-Sdar+Vdp+∑AdN 5=sT,P.w》=-9)p =(T,p,{W)= 化学势 𝐹 = 𝐹(𝑇, 𝑉, {𝑁𝑖}) 𝑑𝐹 = −𝑆𝑑𝑇 − 𝑝𝑑𝑉 + ∑ 𝑖 𝜇𝑖𝑑𝑁𝑖 𝑆 = 𝑆(𝑇, 𝑉, {𝑁𝑖}) = − ( 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝑇 ) 𝑉 {𝑁𝑖 } 𝜇𝑖 = 𝜇(𝑇, 𝑉, {𝑁𝑖}) = ( 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝑁𝑖 ) 𝑇 𝑉 {𝑁𝑗≠𝑖 } 𝐺 = 𝐺(𝑇, 𝑝, {𝑁𝑖}) 𝑑𝐺 = −𝑆𝑑𝑇 + 𝑉 𝑑𝑝 + ∑ 𝑖 𝜇𝑖𝑑𝑁𝑖 𝑆 = 𝑆(𝑇, 𝑝, {𝑁𝑖}) = − ( 𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝑇 ) 𝑝{𝑁𝑖 } 𝜇𝑖 = 𝜇𝑖(𝑇, 𝑝, {𝑁𝑖}) = ( 𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝑁𝑖 ) 𝑇 𝑝{𝑁𝑗≠𝑖 }