496T fm i-xxvi 1/6/06 02: 56 Page xvi Xv· Contents 7 Crystal Systems 46 5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion 114 CRYSTALLOGRAPIlIC POINTS. DIRECTIONS. AND 5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 118 PLANES 49 5.6 Other Diffusion Paths 125 3. 8 Point Coordinates 4 Summary 125 3.9 Crystallographic Directions 51 Important Terms and Concepts 126 3.10 Crystallographic Planes 5 References 126 Questions and Problems 126 3.11 Linear and Planar densities 60 Design Problems 129 3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 61 CRYSTALLINE AND NONCHYSTALLINE MATERIALS 63 6. Mechanical Properties of Metals 131 3. 13 Single Crystals 63 Learning Objectives 132 3.14 Polycrystalline Materials 64 6.1 Introduction 132 3.15 Anisotropy 64 6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 133 3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of ELASTIC DEFORMATION 137 Crystal Structures 66 6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior 137 3.17 Noncrystalline Solids 71 140 ma八 Important Terms and Concepts 73 6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 141 erences PLASTIC DEFORMATION 143 Ouestions and Problems 74 6.6 Tensile Properties 144 6.7 True Stress and Strain 151 4. Imperfections in Solids 5o 6.8 Elastic Recovery after Plastic Deformation 154 Learning Objectives 81 6.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional 4.1 Introduction 81 Deformation 154 POINT DEFECTS 81 6.10 Hardness 155 4.2 Vacancies and self-Interstitials 81 PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY 4.3 Impurities in Solids 83 FACTORs 161 4.4 Specification of Composition 85 6. 11 Variability of Material Properties 161 MISCELLANEOUS LMIPERFECTIONS 88 6.12 Design/Safety Factors 163 4.5 Dislocations-Linear defects 88 4.6 Interfacial Defects 92 Important Terms and Concepts 166 4.7 Bulk or volume defects 96 References 1 4.8 Atomic vibrations 9 Questions and Problems 166 Design Problems 172 MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 9 4.9 General 4.10 Microscopic Techniques 98 Z. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 12+ 4.11 Grain Size determination 102 Learning Objectives 175 Important Terms and Concepts 105 7.1 Introduction 175 eferences 10 DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC Questions and Problems 106 Design Problems 108 DEFORMATION 175 7.2 Basic Concepts 175 5. Diffusion 109 7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations 178 7.4 Slip Systems 179 Learning Objectives 110 7.5 Slip in Single Crystals 18 5.1 Introduction 110 7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline 5.2 Diffusion mechanisms 111 Materials 185 5.3 Steady-State Diffusion 112 7.7 Deformation by Twinning 1853.7 Crystal Systems 46 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS, DIRECTIONS, AND PLANES 49 3.8 Point Coordinates 49 3.9 Crystallographic Directions 51 3.10 Crystallographic Planes 55 3.11 Linear and Planar Densities 60 3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 61 CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 63 3.13 Single Crystals 63 3.14 Polycrystalline Materials 64 3.15 Anisotropy 64 3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 66 3.17 Noncrystalline Solids 71 Summary 72 Important Terms and Concepts 73 References 73 Questions and Problems 74 4. Imperfections in Solids 80 Learning Objectives 81 4.1 Introduction 81 POINT DEFECTS 81 4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 81 4.3 Impurities in Solids 83 4.4 Specification of Composition 85 MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 88 4.5 Dislocations–Linear Defects 88 4.6 Interfacial Defects 92 4.7 Bulk or Volume Defects 96 4.8 Atomic Vibrations 96 MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 97 4.9 General 97 4.10 Microscopic Techniques 98 4.11 Grain Size Determination 102 Summary 104 Important Terms and Concepts 105 References 105 Questions and Problems 106 Design Problems 108 5. Diffusion 109 Learning Objectives 110 5.1 Introduction 110 5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 111 5.3 Steady-State Diffusion 112 5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion 114 5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 118 5.6 Other Diffusion Paths 125 Summary 125 Important Terms and Concepts 126 References 126 Questions and Problems 126 Design Problems 129 6. Mechanical Properties of Metals 131 Learning Objectives 132 6.1 Introduction 132 6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 133 ELASTIC DEFORMATION 137 6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior 137 6.4 Anelasticity 140 6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 141 PLASTIC DEFORMATION 143 6.6 Tensile Properties 144 6.7 True Stress and Strain 151 6.8 Elastic Recovery after Plastic Deformation 154 6.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformation 154 6.10 Hardness 155 PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS 161 6.11 Variability of Material Properties 161 6.12 Design/Safety Factors 163 Summary 165 Important Terms and Concepts 166 References 166 Questions and Problems 166 Design Problems 172 7. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 174 Learning Objectives 175 7.1 Introduction 175 DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION 175 7.2 Basic Concepts 175 7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations 178 7.4 Slip Systems 179 7.5 Slip in Single Crystals 181 7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials 185 7.7 Deformation by Twinning 185 xvi • Contents 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 1/6/06 02:56 Page xvi