496T fm i-xxvi 1/6/0603: 19 Page xv Contents LIST OF SYMBOLS xXiii 1. Introduction I Learning Object 1.1 Historical Perspective 2 1. 2 Materials Science and Engineering 3 1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 5 1.4 Classification of materials 5 .5 Advanced materials 11 1.6 Modern materials Needs 12 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 15 Learning Objectives 16 2.1 Introduction 16 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 16 2.2 Fundamental Concepts 16 2.3 Electrons in Atoms 17 2.4 The Periodic Table 23 ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 24 2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 24 6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 26 2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 30 2. 8 Molecules 32 ummary 34 Important Terms and Concepts 34 References 35 Questions and Problems 35 3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids 35 Learning Objectives 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Fundamental Concepts 39 3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 41 3.5 Density Computations 45 3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy 46• xv Contents LIST OF SYMBOLS xxiii 1. Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 2 1.1 Historical Perspective 2 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 3 1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 5 1.4 Classification of Materials 5 1.5 Advanced Materials 11 1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 12 References 13 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 15 Learning Objectives 16 2.1 Introduction 16 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 16 2.2 Fundamental Concepts 16 2.3 Electrons in Atoms 17 2.4 The Periodic Table 23 ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 24 2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 24 2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 26 2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 30 2.8 Molecules 32 Summary 34 Important Terms and Concepts 34 References 35 Questions and Problems 35 3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids 38 Learning Objectives 39 3.1 Introduction 39 CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 39 3.2 Fundamental Concepts 39 3.3 Unit Cells 40 3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 41 3.5 Density Computations 45 3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy 46 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 1/6/06 03:19 Page xv