Executive Editor: Leslie berrima Director of Media Development: Lauren Fogel Project Editor: Robin pille Media Producer: Aimee Pavy Director of Development: Barbara Yien Design Manager: Marilyn Perry Development Editor: Anne A. Reid Interior and Cover Designer: tani hasegawa Editorial Assistant: Nicole mcfadden Contributing Illustrators: imagineer near. com Senior Managing Editor: Deborah Cogan Senior photo editor: donna kalal Production Project Manager: Caroline Ayres Photo Researcher: Maureen Spuhle Copyeditor: Michael rossa Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Production Management and Compositor: S4Carlisle Marketing Manager: Derek Perrigo Cover Photo Credit: Mike Powell/Getty Images Notice: Our knowledge in clinical sciences is constantly changing. The authors and the publisher of his volume have taken care that the information contained herein is accurate and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of the publication. Nevertheless, it is difficult to ensure that all information given is entirely accurate for all circumstances. The authors and the publisher disclaim any liability, loss, or damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the us nd application of any of the contents of this volume. Copyright o 2012 by Frederic H. Martini, Inc, Judi L Nath, LLC, and Edwin E. Bartholomew, Inc. Published by Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St, San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s)to g to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by an use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave, Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call(847)486-2635 Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps MasteringA&P", A&P Flix, Practice Anatomy Lab"(PAL"), and Interactive Physiology'are trademarks, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Martini, frederic. Fundamentals of anatomy physiology/Frederic H. Martini, Judi L Nath, Edwin E. Bartholomew; with William C. Ober, art coordinator and illustrator: Claire W. Garrison illustrator: Kathleen Welch, clinical consultant; Ralph T Hutchings, biomedical photographer. -9th ed p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-321-70933-2(student edition: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-321-70933-0(student edition: alk. paper)1. Human physiology--Textbooks 2 Human anatomy-Textbooks L. Nath, Judi Lindsley. Il. Bartholomew, Edwin F. Ill. Title IV. Title: Fundamentals of anatomy and [DNLM: 1. Anatomy. 2. Physiology. QS 34.5M272012 612-dc22 2010043347 Benjamin Cummings 0-321-70933-0(Student edition) is an imprint of 978-0321-70933-2(Student edition) 0-321-76625-3 9780321-766250( Exam Copy) PEARSON www.pearsonhighered.com 12345678910-DOw-1413121110Executive Editor: Leslie Berriman Project Editor: Robin Pille Director of Development: Barbara Yien Development Editor: Anne A. Reid Editorial Assistant: Nicole McFadden Senior Managing Editor: Deborah Cogan Production Project Manager: Caroline Ayres Copyeditor: Michael Rossa Production Management and Compositor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services, Inc. Cover Photo Credit: Mike Powell/Getty Images Notice: Our knowledge in clinical sciences is constantly changing. The authors and the publisher of this volume have taken care that the information contained herein is accurate and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of the publication. Nevertheless, it is difficult to ensure that all information given is entirely accurate for all circumstances. The authors and the publisher disclaim any liability, loss, or damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this volume. Copyright © 2012 by Frederic H. Martini, Inc., Judi L. Nath, LLC, and Edwin F. Bartholomew, Inc. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. MasteringA&P™, A&P Flix™, Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™), and Interactive Physiology® are trademarks, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. Director of Media Development: Lauren Fogel Media Producer: Aimee Pavy Design Manager: Marilyn Perry Interior and Cover Designer: tani hasegawa Contributing Illustrators: imagineeringart.com Senior Photo Editor: Donna Kalal Photo Researcher: Maureen Spuhler Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Derek Perrigo 0-321-70933-0 (Student edition) 978-0321-70933-2 (Student edition) 0-321-76625-3 (Exam Copy) 978-0321-76625-0 (Exam Copy) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—DOW—14 13 12 11 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Martini, Frederic. Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology/Frederic H. Martini, Judi L. Nath, Edwin F. Bartholomew; with William C. Ober, art coordinator and illustrator; Claire W. Garrison, illustrator; Kathleen Welch, clinical consultant; Ralph T. Hutchings, biomedical photographer. — 9th ed. p.; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-70933-2 (student edition : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-321-70933-0 (student edition : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Textbooks. 2. Human anatomy—Textbooks. I. Nath, Judi Lindsley. II. Bartholomew, Edwin F. III. Title. IV. Title: Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy. 2. Physiology. QS 4] QP34.5.M27 2012 612—dc22 2010043347