FUNDAMENTALS OF Anatomy Physiolog Ninth edition Frederich. martini, ph. D University of Hawaii at Manoa Judi L Nath, ph. D ourdes college Edwin f. Bartholomew, m.s. William C. Ober, M D Art Coordinator and Illustrator Claire w. garrison, RN Kathleen welch m. d Clinical consultant Ralph T Hutch Biomedical Photographer Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei TokyoFrederic H. Martini, Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa Judi L. Nath, Ph.D. Lourdes College Edwin F. Bartholomew, M.S. & William C. Ober, M.D. Art Coordinator and Illustrator Claire W. Garrison, R.N. Illustrator Kathleen Welch, M.D. Clinical Consultant Ralph T. Hutchings Biomedical Photographer FUNDAMENTALS OF Anatomy Physiology Ninth Edition