MARTINI/ NATH FUNDAMENTALS OF Anatomy& Physiology
Quick Reference Table of Contents NIT 1: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Im glad i didnt An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1 2. The Chemical Level of Organization 3. The Cellular Level of Organization sell my book 4. The Tissue Level of Organization back!.I still use UNIT 2: SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT 5. The Integumentary System 144 6. Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure it today 7. The Axial Skeleton 8. The Appendicular Skeleton D Alissa lawrence, RN, BSN 9. Articulations 253 Clearwater florida 10. Muscle Tissue 279 11. The Muscular System 322 UNIT3: CONTROL AND REGULATION 12. Neural Tissue 374 13. The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and exe 416 4. The Brain and Cranial Nerves 448 15. Neural Integration E: Sensory Pathway and the Somatic Nervous System 494 16. Neural Integration Il: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions 516 17. The Special Senses 548 8. The Endocrine System UNIT 4: FLUIDS AND TRANSPORT 19. Blood 638 20. The Heart 21. Blood Vessels and Circulation 22. The Lymphatic System and Immunity UNIT 5: ENVIRONMENTAL EXCHANGE 23. The Respiratory System 813 24. The Digestive System 25. Metabolism and Energetics 916 26. The Urinary System 953 27. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 997 UNIT 6: CONTINUITY OF LIFE 28. The Reproductive Syste 1031 29. Development and Inheritance 076
Quick Reference Table of Contents UNIT 1: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 1. An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1 2. The Chemical Level of Organization 26 3. The Cellular Level of Organization 62 4. The Tissue Level of Organization 108 UNIT 2: SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT 5. The Integumentary System 144 6. Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure 169 7. The Axial Skeleton 197 8. The Appendicular Skeleton 232 9. Articulations 253 10. Muscle Tissue 279 11. The Muscular System 322 UNIT 3: CONTROL AND REGULATION 12. Neural Tissue 374 13. The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes 416 14. The Brain and Cranial Nerves 448 15. Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System 494 16. Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions 516 17. The Special Senses 548 18. The Endocrine System 593 UNIT 4: FLUIDS AND TRANSPORT 19. Blood 638 20. The Heart 669 21. Blood Vessels and Circulation 707 22. The Lymphatic System and Immunity 764 UNIT 5: ENVIRONMENTAL EXCHANGE 23. The Respiratory System 813 24. The Digestive System 862 25. Metabolism and Energetics 916 26. The Urinary System 953 27. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance 997 UNIT 6: CONTINUITY OF LIFE 28. The Reproductive System 1031 29. Development and Inheritance 1076 “I’m glad I didn’t sell my book back!…I still use it today!” Alissa Lawrence, RN, BSN Clearwater, Florida
Your a&p textbook is a valuabl nvestment in your future-an investment you will want to keep I'm glad I kept my A&P textbook because I used it as a reference in graduate school, and I still use it occasionally to help explain issues to patients. It is important to have access to texts that help make the topic understandable and that approach the topic in a meaningful way. I feel that being able to integrate the information in the text with actual practice is critical for learning and practice. D Meg Portwood, RN, MS, FNP Lincoln City, Oregon I still have the text and used it several times throughout Physician Assistant school. My Martini/Nath Fundamentals of A&P text was definitely a valuable text throughout my PA program because of the constant learning process. As I went through topics such as pharmacology it was often imperative to review specific physiology and occasionally anatomy in order to fully understand how medications, etc. affect the various body systems in order to achieve the desired result. Aaron Mccloud pa San Francisco, California I still have my A&P textbook! As a Registered Nurse, I find my A&P textbook extremely valuable. The study of anatomy and physiology will provide you with the building blocks of knowledge in understanding the complexities of the human body and its functions. Cynthia Pronze, RN, MSN Ann Arbor, Michigan
“I’m glad I kept my A&P textbook because I used it as a reference in graduate school, and I still use it occasionally to help explain issues to patients. It is important to have access to texts that help make the topic understandable and that approach the topic in a meaningful way. I feel that being able to integrate the information in the text with actual practice is critical for learning and practice.” “I still have the text and used it several times throughout Physician Assistant school. My Martini/Nath Fundamentals of A&P text was definitely a valuable text throughout my PA program because of the constant learning process. As I went through topics such as pharmacology it was often imperative to review specific physiology and occasionally anatomy in order to fully understand how medications, etc. affect the various body systems in order to achieve the desired result.” “I still have my A&P textbook! As a Registered Nurse, I find my A&P textbook extremely valuable. The study of anatomy and physiology will provide you with the building blocks of knowledge in understanding the complexities of the human body and its functions.” Your A&P textbook is a valuable investment in your future—an investment you will want to keep! Cynthia Pronze, RN, MSN Ann Arbor, Michigan Aaron McCloud, PA San Francisco, California Meg Portwood, RN, MS, FNP Lincoln City, Oregon
FUNDAMENTALS OF Anatomy Physiolog Ninth edition Frederich. martini, ph. D University of Hawaii at Manoa Judi L Nath, ph. D ourdes college Edwin f. Bartholomew, m.s. William C. Ober, M D Art Coordinator and Illustrator Claire w. garrison, RN Kathleen welch m. d Clinical consultant Ralph T Hutch Biomedical Photographer Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Frederic H. Martini, Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa Judi L. Nath, Ph.D. Lourdes College Edwin F. Bartholomew, M.S. & William C. Ober, M.D. Art Coordinator and Illustrator Claire W. Garrison, R.N. Illustrator Kathleen Welch, M.D. Clinical Consultant Ralph T. Hutchings Biomedical Photographer FUNDAMENTALS OF Anatomy Physiology Ninth Edition
Executive Editor: Leslie berrima Director of Media Development: Lauren Fogel Project Editor: Robin pille Media Producer: Aimee Pavy Director of Development: Barbara Yien Design Manager: Marilyn Perry Development Editor: Anne A. Reid Interior and Cover Designer: tani hasegawa Editorial Assistant: Nicole mcfadden Contributing Illustrators: imagineer near. com Senior Managing Editor: Deborah Cogan Senior photo editor: donna kalal Production Project Manager: Caroline Ayres Photo Researcher: Maureen Spuhle Copyeditor: Michael rossa Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Production Management and Compositor: S4Carlisle Marketing Manager: Derek Perrigo Cover Photo Credit: Mike Powell/Getty Images Notice: Our knowledge in clinical sciences is constantly changing. The authors and the publisher of his volume have taken care that the information contained herein is accurate and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of the publication. Nevertheless, it is difficult to ensure that all information given is entirely accurate for all circumstances. The authors and the publisher disclaim any liability, loss, or damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the us nd application of any of the contents of this volume. Copyright o 2012 by Frederic H. Martini, Inc, Judi L Nath, LLC, and Edwin E. Bartholomew, Inc. Published by Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St, San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s)to g to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by an use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave, Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call(847)486-2635 Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps MasteringA&P", A&P Flix, Practice Anatomy Lab"(PAL"), and Interactive Physiology'are trademarks, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Martini, frederic. Fundamentals of anatomy physiology/Frederic H. Martini, Judi L Nath, Edwin E. Bartholomew; with William C. Ober, art coordinator and illustrator: Claire W. Garrison illustrator: Kathleen Welch, clinical consultant; Ralph T Hutchings, biomedical photographer. -9th ed p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-321-70933-2(student edition: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-321-70933-0(student edition: alk. paper)1. Human physiology--Textbooks 2 Human anatomy-Textbooks L. Nath, Judi Lindsley. Il. Bartholomew, Edwin F. Ill. Title IV. Title: Fundamentals of anatomy and [DNLM: 1. Anatomy. 2. Physiology. QS 34.5M272012 612-dc22 2010043347 Benjamin Cummings 0-321-70933-0(Student edition) is an imprint of 978-0321-70933-2(Student edition) 0-321-76625-3 9780321-766250( Exam Copy) PEARSON www.pearsonhighered.com 12345678910-DOw-1413121110
Executive Editor: Leslie Berriman Project Editor: Robin Pille Director of Development: Barbara Yien Development Editor: Anne A. Reid Editorial Assistant: Nicole McFadden Senior Managing Editor: Deborah Cogan Production Project Manager: Caroline Ayres Copyeditor: Michael Rossa Production Management and Compositor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services, Inc. Cover Photo Credit: Mike Powell/Getty Images Notice: Our knowledge in clinical sciences is constantly changing. The authors and the publisher of this volume have taken care that the information contained herein is accurate and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of the publication. Nevertheless, it is difficult to ensure that all information given is entirely accurate for all circumstances. The authors and the publisher disclaim any liability, loss, or damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this volume. Copyright © 2012 by Frederic H. Martini, Inc., Judi L. Nath, LLC, and Edwin F. Bartholomew, Inc. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. MasteringA&P™, A&P Flix™, Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™), and Interactive Physiology® are trademarks, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. Director of Media Development: Lauren Fogel Media Producer: Aimee Pavy Design Manager: Marilyn Perry Interior and Cover Designer: tani hasegawa Contributing Illustrators: imagineeringart.com Senior Photo Editor: Donna Kalal Photo Researcher: Maureen Spuhler Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Derek Perrigo 0-321-70933-0 (Student edition) 978-0321-70933-2 (Student edition) 0-321-76625-3 (Exam Copy) 978-0321-76625-0 (Exam Copy) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—DOW—14 13 12 11 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Martini, Frederic. Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology/Frederic H. Martini, Judi L. Nath, Edwin F. Bartholomew; with William C. Ober, art coordinator and illustrator; Claire W. Garrison, illustrator; Kathleen Welch, clinical consultant; Ralph T. Hutchings, biomedical photographer. — 9th ed. p.; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-70933-2 (student edition : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-321-70933-0 (student edition : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Textbooks. 2. Human anatomy—Textbooks. I. Nath, Judi Lindsley. II. Bartholomew, Edwin F. III. Title. IV. Title: Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy. 2. Physiology. QS 4] QP34.5.M27 2012 612—dc22 2010043347
Text and illustration Team Frederic(Ric)H Martini, Ph D Author Dr Martini received his ph D. from Cor nell University in comparative and fund tional anatomy for work on the Q器自 pathophysiology of stress. In addition to professional publications that include She received her Bachelor s and Masters journal articles and contributed chapters, technical reports, and degrees from Bowling Green State University and her Ph. D magazine articles, he is the lead author of nine undergraduate from the University of Toledo. Dr. Nath is devoted to her stu- texts on anatomy and physiology or anatomy. Dr. Martini is dents and strives to convey the intricacies of science in a capti currently affiliated with the University of Hawaii at Manoa and vating way that students find meaningful, interactive, and has a long-standing bond with the Shoals Marine Laboratory, a exciting. She is a multiple recipient of the Faculty Excellence joint venture between Cornell University and the University of Award, granted by the college to recognize her effective teach New Hampshire. He has been active in the Human Anatomy ing, scholarship, and community service. She is active in many and Physiology Society(HAPS)for 18 years and was a member professional organizations, notably the Human Anatomy and of the committee that established the course curriculum guide Physiology Society(HAPS), where she has served several terms lines for A&P. He is now a President Emeritus of HAPS after on the board of directors. On a personal note, Dr Nath enjoys serving as President-Elect, President, and Past-President over family life with her husband, Mike, and their three dogs. Piano 2005-2007. Dr Martini is also a member of the American Phys- playing and cycling are welcome diversions from authoring iological Society, the American Association of Anatomists, the and her favorite charities include the local Humane Society, the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, the Aus- Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, and Real Partners uganda. tralia/New Zealand Association of Clinical Anatomists, the Hawaii Academy of Science, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the International Society of Verte brate Morphologists Edwin F. Bartholomew, M.s. William C. ober, M. D. Art Coordinator and /llustrator Edwin e bartholomew received his un- Dr. Ober received his undergraduate de dergraduate degree from Bowling Green gree from Washington and Lee Univer- State university in Ohio and his MS sity and his M. D. from the University of from the university of Hawaii. Mr. Virginia. He also studied in the Depart- Bartholomew has taught human ment of Art as Applied to Medicine at anatomy and physiology at both the secondary and undergrad- Johns Hopkins University. After graduation, Dr. ober com uate levels and a wide variety of other science courses(from pleted a residency in Family Practice and later was on the faculty otany to zoology) at Maui Community College and at historic at the University of Virginia in the Department of Family Medi ahainaluna High School, the oldest high school west of the cine and in the Department of Sports Medicine. He also served Rockies. Working with Dr Martini, he coauthored Essentials of as Chief of Medicine of Martha Jefferson Hospital in Char Anatomy Physiology, Structure and Function of the Human Body, lottesville, VA. He is currently a Visiting Professor of Biology at and The Human Body in Health and Disease (all published by Washington and Lee university, where he has taught several Pearson Benjamin Cummings). Mr. Bartholomew is a member courses and led student trips to the galapagos Islands. He is on of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society(HAPS), the the Core Faculty at Shoals Marine Laboratory, where he teaches National Association of Biology Teachers, the National Science Biological Illustration every summer. Dr. Ober has collaborated Teachers Association, the Hawaii Science Teachers Association, with Dr. Martini on all of his textbooks in every edition. and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. i
William C. Ober, M.D. Art Coordinator and Illustrator Dr. Ober received his undergraduate degree from Washington and Lee University and his M.D. from the University of Virginia. He also studied in the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine at Johns Hopkins University. After graduation, Dr. Ober completed a residency in Family Practice and later was on the faculty at the University of Virginia in the Department of Family Medicine and in the Department of Sports Medicine. He also served as Chief of Medicine of Martha Jefferson Hospital in Charlottesville, VA. He is currently a Visiting Professor of Biology at Washington and Lee University, where he has taught several courses and led student trips to the Galápagos Islands. He is on the Core Faculty at Shoals Marine Laboratory, where he teaches Biological Illustration every summer. Dr. Ober has collaborated with Dr. Martini on all of his textbooks in every edition. Frederic (Ric) H. Martini, Ph.D. Author Dr. Martini received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in comparative and functional anatomy for work on the pathophysiology of stress. In addition to professional publications that include journal articles and contributed chapters, technical reports, and magazine articles, he is the lead author of nine undergraduate texts on anatomy and physiology or anatomy. Dr. Martini is currently affiliated with the University of Hawaii at Manoa and has a long-standing bond with the Shoals Marine Laboratory, a joint venture between Cornell University and the University of New Hampshire. He has been active in the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) for 18 years and was a member of the committee that established the course curriculum guidelines for A&P. He is now a President Emeritus of HAPS after serving as President-Elect, President, and Past-President over 2005–2007. Dr. Martini is also a member of the American Physiological Society, the American Association of Anatomists, the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, the Australia/New Zealand Association of Clinical Anatomists, the Hawaii Academy of Science, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the International Society of Vertebrate Morphologists. Judi L. Nath, Ph.D. Author Dr. Nath is a biology professor at Lourdes College, where she teaches anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology, medical terminology, and pharmacology. She received her Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees from Bowling Green State University and her Ph.D. from the University of Toledo. Dr. Nath is devoted to her students and strives to convey the intricacies of science in a captivating way that students find meaningful, interactive, and exciting. She is a multiple recipient of the Faculty Excellence Award, granted by the college to recognize her effective teaching, scholarship, and community service. She is active in many professional organizations, notably the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), where she has served several terms on the board of directors. On a personal note, Dr. Nath enjoys family life with her husband, Mike, and their three dogs. Piano playing and cycling are welcome diversions from authoring, and her favorite charities include the local Humane Society, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, and Real Partners Uganda. Edwin F. Bartholomew, M.S. Author Edwin F. Bartholomew received his undergraduate degree from Bowling Green State University in Ohio and his M.S. from the University of Hawaii. Mr. Bartholomew has taught human anatomy and physiology at both the secondary and undergraduate levels and a wide variety of other science courses (from botany to zoology) at Maui Community College and at historic Lahainaluna High School, the oldest high school west of the Rockies. Working with Dr. Martini, he coauthored Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, Structure and Function of the Human Body, and The Human Body in Health and Disease (all published by Pearson Benjamin Cummings). Mr. Bartholomew is a member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), the National Association of Biology Teachers, the National Science Teachers Association, the Hawaii Science Teachers Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. iii Text and Illustration Team
iv Text and Illustration Team Claire W. Garrison, R.N. Ralph T Hutchings ∥| straton Claire w. Garrison, R N, BA, practiced Mr. Hutchings was associated with pediatric and obstetric nursing before Royal College of Sur turning to medical illustration as a full An engineer by training, he has focused time career. She returned to school at for years on photographing the structure Mary Baldwin College, where she re- of the human body. The result has been ceived her degree with distinction in studio art. Following a a series of color atlases, including the Color Atlas of Human five-year apprenticeship, she has worked as Dr. Ober's partner Anatomy the Color Atlas of Surface Anatomy and The Human in Medical Scientific Illustration since 1986. She is on the Skeleton(all published by Mosby-Yearbook Publishing). For his Core Faculty at Shoals Marine Laboratory and co-teaches the anatomical portrayal of the human body, the International Biological Illustration course with Dr. Ober every summer. The Photographers Association has chosen Mr. Hutchings as the textbooks illustrated by Medical Scientific Illustration have best photographer of humans in the twentieth century. He lives won numerous design and illustration awards in north London where he tries to balance the demands of his photographic assignments with his hobbies of early motor cars Kathleen Welch, MD and airplanes linical Consultant Dr. Welch received her M. D. from the University of Washington in Seattle and did her residency in Family Practice at he university of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. For two years, she served as Director of Maternal and Child Health at the LB) Tropical Med- ical Center in American Samoa and subsequently was a mem ber of the Department of Family Practice at the Kaiser Permanente Clinic in Lahaina, Hawaii. She has been in priva practice since 1987 and is licensed to practice in Hawaii, Wash ington, and New Zealand. Dr. Welch is a Fellow of the Ameri- can Academy of Family Practice and a member of the hawaii Medical Association and the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society(HAPS). With Dr. Martini, she has coauthored both a textbook on anatomy and physiology and the a&P Applications Manual. She and Dr Martini were married in 1979, and they have one son, pK
iv Text and Illustration Team Claire W. Garrison, R.N. Illustrator Claire W. Garrison, R.N., B.A., practiced pediatric and obstetric nursing before turning to medical illustration as a fulltime career. She returned to school at Mary Baldwin College, where she received her degree with distinction in studio art. Following a five-year apprenticeship, she has worked as Dr. Ober’s partner in Medical & Scientific Illustration since 1986. She is on the Core Faculty at Shoals Marine Laboratory and co-teaches the Biological Illustration course with Dr. Ober every summer. The textbooks illustrated by Medical & Scientific Illustration have won numerous design and illustration awards. Kathleen Welch, M.D. Clinical Consultant Dr. Welch received her M.D. from the University of Washington in Seattle and did her residency in Family Practice at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. For two years, she served as Director of Maternal and Child Health at the LBJ Tropical Medical Center in American Samoa and subsequently was a member of the Department of Family Practice at the Kaiser Permanente Clinic in Lahaina, Hawaii. She has been in private practice since 1987 and is licensed to practice in Hawaii, Washington, and New Zealand. Dr. Welch is a Fellow of the American Academy of Family Practice and a member of the Hawaii Medical Association and the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS). With Dr. Martini, she has coauthored both a textbook on anatomy and physiology and the A&P Applications Manual. She and Dr. Martini were married in 1979, and they have one son, PK. Ralph T. Hutchings Biomedical Photographer Mr. Hutchings was associated with Royal College of Surgeons for 20 years. An engineer by training, he has focused for years on photographing the structure of the human body. The result has been a series of color atlases, including the Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, the Color Atlas of Surface Anatomy, and The Human Skeleton (all published by Mosby-Yearbook Publishing). For his anatomical portrayal of the human body, the International Photographers Association has chosen Mr. Hutchings as the best photographer of humans in the twentieth century. He lives in North London, where he tries to balance the demands of his photographic assignments with his hobbies of early motor cars and airplanes
Preface The Ninth Edition of Fundamentals of Anatomy Physiology is a New System Integrator figures for each body system comprehensive textbook that fulfills the needs of todays stu- replace the"Systems in Perspective"figures from previous dents while addressing the concerns of their professors. This editions. These "build-a-body" figures reinforce the dition was shaped by the collaboration among three experi mechanisms of system integration by gradually increasing enced instructors, authors Ric Martini, Judi Nath, and Ed in complexity as each new system is examined Bartholomew. The Martini/Nath/Bartholomew team focused Easier-to-read tables have been redesigned and their attention on the question"How can we best make this in- simplified, and references to them within the narrative are ormation meanie ngful, manageable, and comprehensible? now in color to make them easier to find During the revision process, we drew upon our content knowl- updated Related Clinical Terms sections at the end of edge, research skills, artistic talents, and a collective 75 years of classroom experience to make this edition the best yet. each chapter have been revised to include the most current The broad changes to this edition are presented in the New relevant clinical terms and procedures o the ninth edition section below also below are the sec- Masteringa&p(www.masteringaandp.com)isanonline tions Terminology Changes in the Ninth Edition, Learning learning and assessment system designed to help Outcomes, and Chapter-by-Chapter Changes in the Ninth instructors teach more efficiently and proven to help Edition. A visual tour of the book follows in the remaining students learn. Instructors can assign homework from pages of the Preface proven media programs such as Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL ) Interactive Physiology., and A&P Flix"all organized by chapter-and have assignments automatically D New to the ninth edition raded. there are also abundant assessments from each chapters content, including Reading Quizzes. All In addition to the many technical changes in this edition, such ssessments are organized by the chapter Learning as updated statistics and anatomy and physiology descriptions, Outcomes. In the Mastering A&P Study Area, students can we have simplified the presentations to make the narrative eas- access a full suite of self-study tools, listed in detail at the ier to read. We have also focused on improving the integration very end of each textbook chapter of illustrations with the narrative. These are the key changes in Terminology Changes in the Ninth Easier narrative uses simpler, shorter, more active sentences and a quantifiably lower reading level to make Edition reading and studying easier for students We have revised terminology in selected cases to match the most . Spotlight" figures combine text and art to communicate key topics in visually effective single-page or two-page common usage in medical specialties. We used Terminologia Anatomica and Terminologia Histologica as our reference for presentations. anatomical and tissue terms. Furthermore, possessive forms of Improved text-art integration throughout the illustratio diseases are now used when the proposed alternative has not program enhances the readability of figures. Part captions en wI idely accepted, eg, Parkinson disease is now Parkinsons are now integrated into the figures so that the relevant text disease. In addition, several terms that were primary in the is located immediately next to each part of a figure Eighth Edition have become secondary terms in the Ninth Edi More visual clinical notes draw students'attention to tion. The changes, which affect virtually all of the chapters in the clinical information and scenarios they might encounter text, are detailed in the table on the following page. their future careers
Preface The Ninth Edition of Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology is a comprehensive textbook that fulfills the needs of today’s students while addressing the concerns of their professors. This edition was shaped by the collaboration among three experienced instructors, authors Ric Martini, Judi Nath, and Ed Bartholomew. The Martini/Nath/Bartholomew team focused their attention on the question “How can we best make this information meaningful, manageable, and comprehensible?” During the revision process, we drew upon our content knowledge, research skills, artistic talents, and a collective 75 years of classroom experience to make this edition the best yet. The broad changes to this edition are presented in the New to the Ninth Edition section below. Also below are the sections Terminology Changes in the Ninth Edition, Learning Outcomes, and Chapter-by-Chapter Changes in the Ninth Edition. A visual tour of the book follows in the remaining pages of the Preface. ◗ New to the Ninth Edition In addition to the many technical changes in this edition, such as updated statistics and anatomy and physiology descriptions, we have simplified the presentations to make the narrative easier to read. We have also focused on improving the integration of illustrations with the narrative. These are the key changes in this new edition: • Easier narrative uses simpler, shorter, more active sentences and a quantifiably lower reading level to make reading and studying easier for students. • “Spotlight” figures combine text and art to communicate key topics in visually effective single-page or two-page presentations. • Improved text-art integration throughout the illustration program enhances the readability of figures. Part captions are now integrated into the figures so that the relevant text is located immediately next to each part of a figure. • More visual Clinical Notes draw students’ attention to clinical information and scenarios they might encounter in their future careers. • New System Integrator figures for each body system replace the “Systems in Perspective” figures from previous editions. These “build-a-body” figures reinforce the mechanisms of system integration by gradually increasing in complexity as each new system is examined. • Easier-to-read tables have been redesigned and simplified, and references to them within the narrative are now in color to make them easier to find. • Updated Related Clinical Terms sections at the end of each chapter have been revised to include the most current relevant clinical terms and procedures. • MasteringA&P™ (www.masteringaandp.com) is an online learning and assessment system designed to help instructors teach more efficiently and proven to help students learn. Instructors can assign homework from proven media programs such as Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™), Interactive Physiology®, and A&P Flix™—all organized by chapter—and have assignments automatically graded. There are also abundant assessments from each chapter’s content, including Reading Quizzes. All assessments are organized by the chapter Learning Outcomes. In the MasteringA&P Study Area, students can access a full suite of self-study tools, listed in detail at the very end of each textbook chapter. ◗ Terminology Changes in the Ninth Edition We have revised terminology in selected cases to match the most common usage in medical specialties. We used Terminologia Anatomica and Terminologia Histologica as our reference for anatomical and tissue terms. Furthermore, possessive forms of diseases are now used when the proposed alternative has not been widely accepted, e.g., Parkinson disease is now Parkinson’s disease. In addition, several terms that were primary in the Eighth Edition have become secondary terms in the Ninth Edition. The changes, which affect virtually all of the chapters in the text, are detailed in the table on the following page. v
erace Eighth Edition Primary Term Ninth Edition Primary Term students readily see and learn the chapter content. There is a acrosome one-to-one correspondence between the Learning Outcomes and the full-sentence section headings in every chapter adenohypophysis interior lobe of the pituitary gland Checkpoints are located at the close of each section and educt of midbrain ask students to pause and check their understanding of sleep-wake cycle facts and concepts. The Checkpoints reinforce the Learning Outcomes presented on the chapter-opening page of schlemm scleral venous sinu resulting in a systematic integration of the Learning creatine phosphokinase creatine kinase(CK) Outcomes over the course of the chapter. Answers are diaphragma sellae sellar diaphragm located in the blue answers tab at the back of the book. fibrous cartilage All assessments in Mastering A&P are organized by th fibrous tunic vascular tunic, and fibrous layer, vascular layer, and ing Outcomes, making it easy for instructors to organize their neural tunic courses and demonstrate results against departmental goals for induced immunity artificially induced immunit student achievement infundibulopelvic ligament Inner ear internal ear D Chapter-by-Chapter Changes in the Ninth edition macula adherens macula lutea macula This annotated Table of Contents provides select examples of revision highlights in each chapter of the Ninth Edition mesencephalon midbrain neurohypophysis posterior lobe of the pituitary gland Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology New Spotlight Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization aspecific defenses New Figure 1-4 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting occluding junction Figure 1-5 Anatomical Landmarks revised of corti Figure 1-7 Directional References revised Figure 1-8 Sectional Planes pecific defenses adaptive(specific) defenses Figure 1-9 Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Ventral stratum germinativum stratum basale Body Cavity revised subcutaneous layer Clinical Note: The Visible Human Project revised Clinical Note: Fatty Acids and Health revised ympanic duct scala tympani Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization Figure 2-3 The Formation of lonic Bonds revised estibular duct scala vestibuli New Spotlight Figure 2-7 Chemical Notation Figure 2-10 pH and Hydrogen lon Concentration revised Figure 2-19 Amino Acids revised D Learning outcomes Figure 2-22 A Simplified View of Enzyme Structure and Function Clinical Note: Solute Concentrations revised The chapters of the Ninth Edition are organized around con crete Learning Outcomes that indicate what students should be Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization able to do after studying the chapter. Old Table 3-1 incorporated into new Spotlight Figure 3-1 Anatomy of a Model Cell Learning Outcomes on the chapter-opening page are Old Figure 3-7 incorporated into new Spotlight Figure 3-7 correlated by number with the chapter headings in the Protein Synthesis textbook. The Learning Outcomes are also correlated to the Figure 3-10 The Nucleus revised to include new figure of nudlear pore testitemsinMasteringa&p"(www.masterinGaandp.com) and to the test items in the Test Bank, making it possible for instructors to organize the course material and assess Old Figure 3-23 incorporated into new Spotlight Figure 3-24 student learning based on specific Learning Outcomes. The Stages of a Cell's Life Cycle Learning Outcomes are derived from the Learning Old Figure 3-25 incorporated into new Spotlight Figure 3-24 Stages of a Cell's Life Cycle Outcomes recommended by the Human Anatomy and Table 3-1 Examples of the Triplet Code switched order of template Physiology Society(HAPS) strand with coding strand to show that the coding strand sequence Full-sentence section headings, correlated by number with is the same as the mRNA sequence except for T and u the Learning Outcomes, state a core fact or concept to help Table 3-2 Template Strand and Coding Strand switched for clarit
vi Preface ◗ Learning Outcomes The chapters of the Ninth Edition are organized around concrete Learning Outcomes that indicate what students should be able to do after studying the chapter. • Learning Outcomes on the chapter-opening page are correlated by number with the chapter headings in the textbook. The Learning Outcomes are also correlated to the test items in MasteringA&P™ (www.masteringaandp.com) and to the test items in the Test Bank, making it possible for instructors to organize the course material and assess student learning based on specific Learning Outcomes. The Learning Outcomes are derived from the Learning Outcomes recommended by the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS). • Full-sentence section headings, correlated by number with the Learning Outcomes, state a core fact or concept to help students readily see and learn the chapter content. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the Learning Outcomes and the full-sentence section headings in every chapter. • Checkpoints are located at the close of each section and ask students to pause and check their understanding of facts and concepts. The Checkpoints reinforce the Learning Outcomes presented on the chapter-opening page, resulting in a systematic integration of the Learning Outcomes over the course of the chapter. Answers are located in the blue Answers tab at the back of the book. All assessments in MasteringA&P are organized by the Learning Outcomes, making it easy for instructors to organize their courses and demonstrate results against departmental goals for student achievement. ◗ Chapter-by-Chapter Changes in the Ninth Edition This annotated Table of Contents provides select examples of revision highlights in each chapter of the Ninth Edition. Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology • New Spotlight Figure 1–1 Levels of Organization • New Figure 1–4 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting • Figure 1–5 Anatomical Landmarks revised • Figure 1–7 Directional References revised • Figure 1–8 Sectional Planes revised • Figure 1–9 Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity revised • Clinical Note: The Visible Human Project revised • Clinical Note: Fatty Acids and Health revised Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization • Figure 2–3 The Formation of Ionic Bonds revised • New Spotlight Figure 2–7 Chemical Notation • Figure 2–10 pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration revised • Figure 2–19 Amino Acids revised • Figure 2–22 A Simplified View of Enzyme Structure and Function revised • Clinical Note: Solute Concentrations revised Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization • Old Table 3–1 incorporated into new Spotlight Figure 3–1 Anatomy of a Model Cell • Old Figure 3–7 incorporated into new Spotlight Figure 3–7 Protein Synthesis • Figure 3–10 The Nucleus revised to include new figure of nuclear pore • Figure 3–12 mRNA Transcription revised • Figure 3–17 Osmotic Flow across a Plasma Membrane revised • Old Figure 3–23 incorporated into new Spotlight Figure 3–24 Stages of a Cell’s Life Cycle • Old Figure 3–25 incorporated into new Spotlight Figure 3–24 Stages of a Cell’s Life Cycle • Table 3–1 Examples of the Triplet Code switched order of template strand with coding strand to show that the coding strand sequence is the same as the mRNA sequence except for T and U • Table 3–2 Template Strand and Coding Strand switched for clarity • Clinical Note: Parkinson’s Disease revised Eighth Edition Primary Term Ninth Edition Primary Term acrosomal cap acrosome adenohypophysis anterior lobe of the pituitary gland aqueduct of midbrain cerebral aqueduct awake-asleep cycle sleep-wake cycle basal lamina basement membrane canal of Schlemm scleral venous sinus creatine phosphokinase creatine kinase (CK) diaphragma sellae sellar diaphragm fibrous cartilage fibrocartilage fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and neural tunic fibrous layer, vascular layer, and inner layer induced immunity artificially induced immunity infundibulopelvic ligament suspensory ligament inner ear internal ear intercellular cement proteoglycans lymphoid system lymphatic system macula adherens desmosome macula lutea macula mesencephalon midbrain neurohypophysis posterior lobe of the pituitary gland nonspecific defenses innate (nonspecific) defenses occluding junction tight junction organ of Corti spiral organ specific defenses adaptive (specific) defenses stratum germinativum stratum basale subcutaneous layer hypodermis suprarenal adrenal tympanic duct scala tympani vestibular duct scala vestibuli
Preface vii Reordered connective tissue proper cell populations in text under Cl Cag Ne)9- k3 System Integrator Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization Components of Connective Tissue Proper New Figure 4-1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue New Figure 4-2 Cell Junctions Moved Table 10-1 Steps Involved in Skeletal Muscle Contraction Figure 4-4 Cuboidal and Transitional Epithelia, Transitional and Relaxation to the end of Section 10-4 to better serve as a Epithelium part revised summary of the topics Figure 4-5 Columnar Epithelia revised to include anatomical Figure 10-1 The Organization of Skeletal Muscles revised location within human figure New Figure 10-9 An Overview of Skeletal Muscle Contraction Figure 4-6 Modes of Glandular Secretion revised New Spotlight Figure 10-11 Skeletal Muscle Innervation New Spotlight Figure 10-12 The Contraction Cycle Figure 10-13 Shortening during a Contraction revised Tissue Repair Figure 10-14 The Effect of Sarcomere Length on Active Tension Clinical Note: Problems with Serous membranes revised vised Figure 10-18 Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric Contractions Chapter 5: The Integumentary Syster revised and added new eccentric contractions part to figure Figure 5-1 The Components of the Integumentary System re Figure 5-10 Hair Follicles and Hairs changed order and revised Figure 10-21 Fast versus Slow Fibers revised Figure 5-14 Repair of Injury to the Integument revised Clinical Note: Skin Cancer revised Clinical Note: Tetanus revised Clinical Note. Burns and Grafts revised New Figure 5-17 System Integrator Chapter 11: The Muscular System Nearly all figures in this chapter are now presented in the Chapter 6: Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure anterior view first and the posterior view second Figure 6-1 A Classification of Bones by Shape revised Figure 6-3 Types of Bone Cells revised New Figure 11-3 An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles Figure 6-10 Endochondral Ossification revised New Figure 11-ll oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Figure 6-15 A Chemical Analysis of Bone revised ed and new part(a)add Figure 6-16 Factors That Alter the Concentration of Calcium lons Figure 11-13 An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the n body Fluids revised Trunk revised Old Figures 6-17 and 6-18 incorporated into new Spotlight Figure 11-14 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle revised Figure 6-17 Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair Figure 11-15 Muscles That Move the Arm revised Figure 6-18 The Effects of Osteoporosis on Spongy Bone revised Clinical Note: Heterotopic Bone Formation revised Figure 11-17 Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers revised Clinical Note: Abnormal Bone Development revised Table 11-15 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand reorganized Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton Figure 11-19 Muscles That Move the Thigh revised Figure 7-1 The Axial Skeleton revised and combined into a one Figure 11-20 Muscles That Move the Leg revised New Figure 11-21 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes page figure Figure 7-2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull revised so Table 11-19 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot reorganized hat the chart is above and connections between the chart and the art are clearly apparent New Figure 11-23 System Integrator Clinical note Hernia revised Figure 7-7 The Temporal Bones revised by switching positions of Clinical Note: Intramuscular Injections revised (a)and(b)to show which part is the source of the dissected mastoid air cells Chapter 12: Neural Tissue Figure 7-16 The Vertebral Column revised New Figure 12-3 A Structural Classification of Neurons Clinical Note: Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis revised New Figure 12-4 An Introduction to Neuroglia Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 12-7 Peripheral Nerve Regeneration after Injury revised Figure 8-1 The Appendicular Skeleton revised Figure 12-8 An Overview of Neural Activities revise Figure 8-4 The Humerus added views of the elbow joint Potential of an undisturbed Cell re8-5 The Radius and ulna revised to show the interosseous New Figure 12-10 Electrochemical Gradients for Potassium and membrane and added a lateral view of the trochlear notch Sodium Ions Figure 8-12 The Right Patella revised and added inferior view of Old Figure 12-14 combined with old Table 12-3 for a new ght femur and patella Spotlight Figure 12-14 Generation of an Action Potential Figure 8-13 The Tibia and Fibula revised and added cross section of tibia and fibula New Figure 12-16 Saltatory Propagation along a Myelinated Axon Figure 8-14 Bones of the Ankle and Foot revised Table 12-4 Synaptic Activity revised Chapter 9: Articulations New Figure 12-17 vents in the Pu stiofain sof a cholinergic Synapse Reorganized section on synovial joints for improved flow Included discussion and art on vertebral end plates Table 12-4 Synaptic Activity Revised Reorganized old Tables 9-1 and 9-2 into one simpler Table 9 Clinical Note: Demyelination revised Functional and Structural Classifications of Articulate Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes New Spotlight Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints Figure 13-1 An Overview of Chapters 13 and 14 revised Figure 9-7 Intervertebral Articulations revised Figure 13-6 A Peripheral Nerve revised
Preface vii Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization • Reordered connective tissue proper cell populations in text under Components of Connective Tissue Proper • New Figure 4–1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells • New Figure 4–2 Cell Junctions • Figure 4–4 Cuboidal and Transitional Epithelia, Transitional Epithelium part revised • Figure 4–5 Columnar Epithelia revised to include anatomical location within human figure • Figure 4–6 Modes of Glandular Secretion revised • Figure 4–12 Formed Elements of the Blood revised • Old Figure 4–20 incorporated into new Spotlight Figure 4–20 Tissue Repair • Clinical Note: Problems with Serous Membranes revised Chapter 5: The Integumentary System • Figure 5–1 The Components of the Integumentary System revised • Figure 5–10 Hair Follicles and Hairs changed order and revised • Figure 5–14 Repair of Injury to the Integument revised • Clinical Note: Skin Cancer revised • Clinical Note: Burns and Grafts revised • New Figure 5–17 System Integrator Chapter 6: Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure • Figure 6–1 A Classification of Bones by Shape revised • Figure 6–3 Types of Bone Cells revised • Figure 6–10 Endochondral Ossification revised • Figure 6–15 A Chemical Analysis of Bone revised • Figure 6–16 Factors That Alter the Concentration of Calcium Ions in Body Fluids revised • Old Figures 6–17 and 6–18 incorporated into new Spotlight Figure 6–17 Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair • Figure 6–18 The Effects of Osteoporosis on Spongy Bone revised • Clinical Note: Heterotopic Bone Formation revised • Clinical Note: Abnormal Bone Development revised Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton • Figure 7–1 The Axial Skeleton revised and combined into a onepage figure • Figure 7–2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull revised so that the chart is above and connections between the chart and the art are clearly apparent • Figure 7–7 The Temporal Bones revised by switching positions of (a) and (b) to show which part is the source of the dissected mastoid air cells • Figure 7–16 The Vertebral Column revised • Clinical Note: Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis revised Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton • Figure 8–1 The Appendicular Skeleton revised • Figure 8–4 The Humerus added views of the elbow joint • Figure 8–5 The Radius and Ulna revised to show the interosseous membrane and added a lateral view of the trochlear notch • Figure 8–12 The Right Patella revised and added inferior view of right femur and patella • Figure 8–13 The Tibia and Fibula revised and added cross section of tibia and fibula • Figure 8–14 Bones of the Ankle and Foot revised Chapter 9: Articulations • Reorganized section on synovial joints for improved flow • Included discussion and art on vertebral end plates • Reorganized old Tables 9–1 and 9–2 into one simpler Table 9–1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Articulations • New Spotlight Figure 9–6 Synovial Joints • Figure 9–7 Intervertebral Articulations revised • New Figure 9–13 System Integrator • Clinical Note: Knee Injuries revised Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue • Moved Table 10–1 Steps Involved in Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Relaxation to the end of Section 10-4 to better serve as a summary of the topics • Figure 10–1 The Organization of Skeletal Muscles revised • New Figure 10–9 An Overview of Skeletal Muscle Contraction • New Spotlight Figure 10–11 Skeletal Muscle Innervation • New Spotlight Figure 10–12 The Contraction Cycle • Figure 10–13 Shortening during a Contraction revised • Figure 10–14 The Effect of Sarcomere Length on Active Tension revised • Figure 10–18 Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric Contractions revised and added new eccentric contractions part to figure • Figure 10–21 Fast versus Slow Fibers revised • Figure 10–24 Smooth Muscle Tissue revised • Clinical Note: Tetanus revised • Clinical Note: Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness revised Chapter 11: The Muscular System • Nearly all figures in this chapter are now presented in the anterior view first and the posterior view second • New Figure 11–3 An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles • New Figure 11–10 Muscles of the Vertebral Column • New Figure 11–11 Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm revised and new part (a) added • Figure 11–13 An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk revised • Figure 11–14 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle revised • Figure 11–15 Muscles That Move the Arm revised • Figure 11–17 Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers revised • Figure 11–18 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand revised • Table 11–15 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand reorganized • Figure 11–19 Muscles That Move the Thigh revised • Figure 11–20 Muscles That Move the Leg revised • New Figure 11–21 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes • Figure 11–22 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot revised • Table 11–19 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot reorganized • New Figure 11–23 System Integrator • Clinical Note: Hernia revised • Clinical Note: Intramuscular Injections revised Chapter 12: Neural Tissue • New Figure 12–3 A Structural Classification of Neurons • New Figure 12–4 An Introduction to Neuroglia • Figure 12–7 Peripheral Nerve Regeneration after Injury revised • Figure 12–8 An Overview of Neural Activities revised • New Figure 12–9 The Resting Potential Is the Transmembrane Potential of an Undisturbed Cell • New Figure 12–10 Electrochemical Gradients for Potassium and Sodium Ions • Old Figure 12–14 combined with old Table 12–3 for a new Spotlight Figure 12–14 Generation of an Action Potential • New Figure 12–16 Saltatory Propagation along a Myelinated Axon • Table 12–4 Synaptic Activity revised • New Figure 12–17 Events in the Functioning of a Cholinergic Synapse • New Figure 12–19 Temporal and Spatial Summation • Table 12–4 Synaptic Activity Revised • Clinical Note: Demyelination revised Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes • Figure 13–1 An Overview of Chapters 13 and 14 revised • Figure 13–6 A Peripheral Nerve revised
