( ) The law determines appropriate planning and controls so that public and private economic activities may be directed and coordinated towards social ends Article 42 [Property] (1) Property is public or private. Economic goods may belong to the state, to public bodies, or to private persons. 2)Private ownership is recognized and guaranteed by laws determining the manner of acquisition and enjoymend and its limits, in order to ensure its social function and to make it accessible to al (3) Private property, determined by law and with compensation, may be expropriated for reasons of common interest. (4)The law establishes the rules of legitimate and testamentary succession and its limits and the states right to the heritage Article 43 Expropriation To the end of the general good, the law may reserve establishment or transfer, by expropriation with compensation, to the state, public bodies, or workers or consumer communities, specific enterprises or categories of enterprises of primary common interest for essential public services or energy sources, or act as monopolies in the preeminate public interest. Article 44 Land) (I)For the purpose of ensuring rational utilization of land and establishing equitable social relations, the law imposes obligations on and limitations to private ownership of land, defines its limits depending on the regions and the various agricultural areas, encourages and imposes land cultivation, transformation of large estates, and the reorganization of productive units; it assists small and medium sized farms 2)The law favors mountainous areas Article 45[Cooperatives and Handicrafts (1)The republic recognizes the social function of cooperation for mutual benefit free of private speculation. The law promotes and encourages its implementation with suitable provisions and its character and purposes through proper controls (2)The law protects and promotes the development of handicrafts Article 46 [Workers Participation In order to achieve the economic and social enhancement of labor and in accordance with the requirements of production, the republic the right of workers to collaborate, within the forms and limits defined by law, in the management of companies. Article 47 Savings] (1)The republic encourages and protects savings in all its forms, regulates, coordinates and controls the provision of credit (2)It favors access savings for the purchase of homes, for worker-owned farms, and for direct or indirect investment in shares of the Title iv political rights Article 48 Voting Rights (1)All citizens, men or women, who have attained their majority are entitled to vote. (2)Voting is personal, equal, free, and secret. Its exercise is a civic duty. () The law defines the conditions under which the citizens residing abroad effectively exercise their electoral right. To this end, a constituency of italians abroad is established for the election of the Chambers, to which a fixed number of seats is assigned b constitutional law in accordance with criteria determined by law (4)The right to vote may not be limited except for incapacity, as a consequence of an irrevocable criminal sentence, or in cases of moral unworthiness established by law Article 49 [Political Parties] All citizens have the right to freely associate in political parties in order to contribute by democratic methods to determine national policy Article 50[Petitions] All citizens may address petitions to the Chambers demanding legislative measures or presenting general needs. Article 51 [Public Offices] (1) Citizens of one or the other sex are eligible for public office and for elective positions under equal conditions, a to the rules established by law. To this end, the republic adopts specific measures in order to promote equal chances for men and (2)The law may, regarding their night to be selected for public positions and elective offices, grant to those italians who do not belong to the republic the same opportunities as citizens (3)Anyone elected to public office is entitled to the time necessary for the fulfillment of the respective duties while keeping his or her job Article 52[Military Service] (1)The defense of the fatherland is the sacred duty of every citizen. (2)Military service is compulsory within the limits and under the terms of the law. The fulfillment of military duties may not prejudice a citizens position as an employee, nor the exercise of his political rights. ()The rules about armed forces must conform to the democratic spirit of the republic Article 53 [Taxation (1) Everyone has to contribute to public expenditure in proportion to their capacity (2)The tax system has to conform to the principle of progression(3) The law determines appropriate planning and controls so that public and private economic activities may be directed and coordinated towards social ends. Article 42 [Property] (1) Property is public or private. Economic goods may belong to the state, to public bodies, or to private persons. (2) Private ownership is recognized and guaranteed by laws determining the manner of acquisition and enjoymend and its limits, in order to ensure its social function and to make it accessible to all. (3) Private property, in cases determined by law and with compensation, may be expropriated for reasons of common interest. (4) The law establishes the rules of legitimate and testamentary succession and its limits and the states right to the heritage. Article 43 [Expropriation] To the end of the general good, the law may reserve establishment or transfer, by expropriation with compensation, to the state, public bodies, or workers or consumer communities, specific enterprises or categories of enterprises of primary common interest for essential public services or energy sources, or act as monopolies in the preeminate public interest. Article 44 [Land] (1) For the purpose of ensuring rational utilization of land and establishing equitable social relations, the law imposes obligations on and limitations to private ownership of land, defines its limits depending on the regions and the various agricultural areas, encourages and imposes land cultivation, transformation of large estates, and the reorganization of productive units; it assists small and medium sized farms. (2) The law favors mountainous areas. Article 45 [Cooperatives and Handicrafts] (1) The republic recognizes the social function of cooperation for mutual benefit free of private speculation. The law promotes and encourages its implementation with suitable provisions and ensures its character and purposes through proper controls. (2) The law protects and promotes the development of handicrafts. Article 46 [Workers Participation] In order to achieve the economic and social enhancement of labor and in accordance with the requirements of production, the republic recognizes the right of workers to collaborate, within the forms and limits defined by law, in the management of companies. Article 47 [Savings] (1) The republic encourages and protects savings in all its forms, regulates, coordinates and controls the provision of credit. (2) It favors access savings for the purchase of homes, for worker-owned farms, and for direct or indirect investment in shares of the countrys large productive enterprises. Title IV Political Rights Article 48 [Voting Rights] (1) All citizens, men or women, who have attained their majority are entitled to vote. (2) Voting is personal, equal, free, and secret. Its exercise is a civic duty. (3) The law defines the conditions under which the citizens residing abroad effectively exercise their electoral right. To this end, a constituency of italians abroad is established for the election of the Chambers, to which a fixed number of seats is assigned by constitutional law in accordance with criteria determined by law. (4) The right to vote may not be limited except for incapacity, as a consequence of an irrevocable criminal sentence, or in cases of moral unworthiness established by law. Article 49 [Political Parties] All citizens have the right to freely associate in political parties in order to contribute by democratic methods to determine national policy. Article 50 [Petitions] All citizens may address petitions to the Chambers demanding legislative measures or presenting general needs. Article 51 [Public Offices] (1) Citizens of one or the other sex are eligible for public office and for elective positions under equal conditions, according to the rules established by law. To this end, the republic adopts specific measures in order to promote equal chances for men and women. (2) The law may, regarding their right to be selected for public positions and elective offices, grant to those italians who do not belong to the republic the same opportunities as citizens. (3) Anyone elected to public office is entitled to the time necessary for the fulfillment of the respective duties while keeping his or her job. Article 52 [Military Service] (1) The defense of the fatherland is the sacred duty of every citizen. (2) Military service is compulsory within the limits and under the terms of the law. The fulfillment of military duties may not prejudice a citizens position as an employee, nor the exercise of his political rights. (3) The rules about armed forces must conform to the democratic spirit of the republic. Article 53 [Taxation] (1) Everyone has to contribute to public expenditure in proportion to their capacity. (2) The tax system has to conform to the principle of progression