Methods for safety 9 Stage 1:the onset of overheating 2.Multi-functional liquid electrolyte and separator b)Trilayered separator:polymer-metal/SiO2-polymer Conducting layer parator 30 Separator 。=SiO,nanoparticle Lithiated SiO,nanoparticle Dendrite growth Dendrite growth Separator "Polymer-SiO,-polymer SiO,nanoparticles trilayer'”→SiO2 consumes Separator dendrite-improved safety 20m 600 Internal short circuit Dendrite detected (battery still safe) (possible explosion hazard) 400 Bare separator Sandwiched separator "Polymer-metal-polymer trilayer"dendrite 200 growth touches the middle metal layer 20 40 60 80100120 140 huge voltage drop-fail-safe triggered Time(hours) 9Methods for safety Stage 1: the onset of overheating 2. Multi-functional liquid electrolyte and separator b) Trilayered separator: polymer-metal/SiO2-polymer “Polymer-metal-polymer trilayer” → dendrite growth touches the middle metal layer → huge voltage drop → fail-safe triggered “Polymer-SiO2-polymer trilayer” → SiO2 consumes dendrite → improved safety 9