Methods for safety Stage 1:the onset of overheating 3.( Overcharge protection(charging beyond designed voltage) a)Redox shuttle additives (reversible) Overcharged cathode e Anode Cathode e Diffusion 3.2V 3.5-3.7V 3.8V ◆A A Reduction Oxidation◆e A+ A+ (B12FxH12-x)2- Diffusion 4.3V 4.4V 4.5V >"oxidation-diffusion-reduction-diffusion" Different types of redox shuttle additives and Redox potential of additives should be their corresponding potential 0.3~0.4 V above the potential of the cathode > Tailoring the molecular structure-tune the potential 10Methods for safety Stage 1: the onset of overheating 3. Overcharge protection (charging beyond designed voltage) a) Redox shuttle additives (reversible)  “oxidation-diffusion-reduction-diffusion”  Redox potential of additives should be 0.3~0.4 V above the potential of the cathode Overcharged cathode  Different types of redox shuttle additives and their corresponding potential  Tailoring the molecular structure → tune the potential 10