372 WORLD POLITICS strumentalities of political control,the actual ability to control events either internal or external to modernized societies-even those that are Great Powers--has dccreased with the growth of interdependence,and is likely to decrease further. MODERNIZATION AND FOREIGN POLICY The notion that modernization has a revolutionary effect on foreign policy is not a new one.Comte and Spencer,for example,among other optimistic observers of industrialization in the nineteenth century,tried to demonstrate the irrationality of war as an instrument of policy in the relations among highly developed countries.On the other hand,Hob- son,Lenin,and others who surveyed industrialization and linked it to the"new imperialism"of the late nincteenth century found that what they understood as modernization would lead to conflict among the same socicties. The view of modernization that underlies the conccpt of forcign policy in this essay owes little to such theorics of cconomic determinism and little to the normative biases held by those writers.Moreover, it is not concerned with what happens in a society,and,consequently, to the foreign policy of its government,during the various phases of modernization.Rathcr,it acknowledges that the development of levels associated with"high modernization"carries with it implications for forcign policy.Once high mass-consumption levels are reached in a society and once high levels of interdependence among modernized so- cietics exist,several common features of foreign policy appear that can be discussed in general terms and that pertain to democratic and non- democratic political systcms alike. The implications of modernization for foreign policy can be derived from many of the definitions of modernization that have bcen formu- lated.I have chosen to follow Levy's definition becausc of its power in isolating those socicties in which I am interested.It is based on two variables:"the uses of inanimate sources of power and the usc of tools to multiply the effect of effort."Each of these variables is conceived as a continuum,so that"a society will be considered more or less modern- ized to the extent that its members use inanimate sources of power and/or tools to multiply the cffects of their efforts."2 Accordingly, "Among the members of relatively modernized societies,uses of inan- imate sources of power not only predominate,but they predominate in Marion J.Levy,Jr.Modernization and the Structure of Societies (Princeton 1g66), I 21bd