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A drought -induced pervasive Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 2007. 38: 683 se in tree mortality across Canadas boreal forests[ J].Nature Cli- 712. mate Change,2011,1(9):467-471 [61]HUNTINGFORD C, COX P M, LENTON T M Contrasting responses of [76]ZHAO M S, RUNNING S W Drought-Induced Reduction in Global第 １ 期 宋冰ꎬ等:全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环研究进展 ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｔｏ ｅｌｅｖａｔｅｄ ＣＯ２ ａｎｄ ｈｉｇｈ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ[Ｊ]. Ｐｌａｎｔ Ｃｅｌｌ ａｎｄ Ｅｎｖｉ￣ ｒｏｎｍｅｎｔꎬ１９９８ꎬ２１(１２):１２７５ － １２８３. [４７]ＮＩＵ Ｓ ＬꎬＬＩ Ｚ ＸꎬＸＩＡ Ｊ Ｙꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃ ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ ｐｌａｎｔ ｐｈｏ￣ ｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓ ａｎｄ ｉｔｓ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ ａ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅ ｓｔｅｐｐｅ ｏｆ ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ Ｃｈｉｎａ[Ｊ]. Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ａｎｄ Ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ Ｂｏｔａｎｙꎬ２００８ꎬ６３ (１ － ３):９１ － １０１. [４８]ＨＵＤＳＯＮ Ｊ Ｍ ＧꎬＨＥＮＲＹ Ｇ Ｈ ＲꎬＣＯＲＮＷＥＬＬ Ｗ Ｋ􀆰 Ｔａｌｌｅｒ ａｎｄ ｌａｒ￣ ｇｅｒ: ｓｈｉｆｔｓ ｉｎ Ａｒｃｔｉｃ ｔｕｎｄｒａ ｌｅａｆ ｔｒａｉｔｓ ａｆｔｅｒ １６ ｙｅａｒｓ ｏｆ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ ｗａｒ￣ ｍｉｎｇ[Ｊ]. Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ｃｈａｎｇｅ Ｂｉｏｌｏｇｙꎬ２０１１ꎬ１７(２):１０１３ － １０２１. [４９] ＺＨＡＯ Ｊ ＢꎬＨＡＲＴＭＡＮＮ ＨꎬＴＲＵＭＢＯＲＥ Ｓꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｈｉｇｈ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ｃａｕｓｅｓ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｗｈｏｌｅ － ｐｌａｎｔ ｃａｒｂｏｎ ｂａｌａｎｃｅ ｕｎｄｅｒ ｍｉｌｄ ｄｒｏｕｇｈｔ[ Ｊ]. Ｎｅｗ Ｐｈｙｔｏｌｏｇｉｓｔꎬ２０１３ꎬ２００(２):３３０ － ３３９. [５０]ＤＯＲＲＥＰＡＡＬ ＥꎬＴＯＥＴ ＳꎬＶＡＮ ＬＯＧＴＥＳＴＩＪＮ Ｒ Ｓ Ｐꎬ ｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｃａｒｂｏｎ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ ｆｒｏｍ ｓｕｂｓｕｒｆａｃｅ ｐｅａｔ ａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｄ ｂｙ ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｕｂａｒｃｔｉｃ[Ｊ]. Ｎａｔｕｒｅꎬ２００９ꎬ４６０(７２５５):６１６ － Ｕ７９. [５１]ＲＯＬＬＩＮＳＯＮ Ｃ ＲꎬＫＡＹＥ Ｍ Ｗ􀆰 Ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ ａｌｔｅｒｓ ｓｐｒｉｎｇ ｐｈｅｎｏｌｏｇｙ ｏｆ ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ ｐｌａｎｔ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ ｉｎ ａｎ ｅａｒｌｙ ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ ｆｏｒ￣ ｅｓｔ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ[Ｊ]. Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ｃｈａｎｇｅ Ｂｉｏｌｏｇｙꎬ２０１２ꎬ１８(３):１１０８ － １１１６. [５２]ＷＯＬＫＯＶＩＣＨ Ｅ ＭꎬＣＯＯＫ Ｂ ＩꎬＡＬＬＥＮ Ｊ Ｍꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ ｅｘｐｅｒｉ￣ ｍｅｎｔｓ ｕｎｄｅｒｐｒｅｄｉｃｔ ｐｌａｎｔ ｐｈｅｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓ ｔｏ ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅ[Ｊ]. Ｎａｔｕｒｅꎬ２０１２ꎬ４８５(７３９９):４９４ － ４９７. [５３]ＺＨＯＵ Ｘ ＨꎬＬＩＵ Ｘ ＺꎬＷＡＬＬＡＣＥ Ｌ Ｌꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃ ａｎｄ ｒｅｓｐｉｒ￣ ａｔｏｒｙ ａｃｃｌｉｍａｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ ｆｏｒ ｆｏｕｒ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｉｎ ａ ｔａｌｌｇｒａｓｓ ｐｒａｉｒｉｅ ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ [ Ｊ]. Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｖｅ Ｐｌａｎｔ Ｂｉｏｌｏｇｙꎬ２００７ꎬ ４９ (３):２７０ － ２８１. [５４]ＷＡＮ Ｓ ＱꎬＨＵＩ Ｄ ＦꎬＷＡＬＬＡＣＥ Ｌꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ａｎｄ ｉｎｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ ｏｎ ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｃａｒｂｏｎ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ ｉｎ ａ ｔａｌｌｇｒａｓｓ ｐｒａｉ￣ ｒｉｅ[Ｊ]. Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ｂｉｏｇｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ Ｃｙｃｌｅｓꎬ２００５ꎬ１９(２). [５５ ] ＨＯＢＢＩＥ Ｓ Ｅꎬ ＣＨＡＰＩＮ Ｆ Ｓ􀆰 Ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ｏｆ ｔｕｎｄｒａ ｐｌａｎｔ ｂｉｏｍａｓｓꎬ ａｂｏｖｅｇｒｏｕｎｄ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎꎬｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎꎬａｎｄ ＣＯ２ ｆｌｕｘ ｔｏ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ [Ｊ]. Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｙꎬ１９９８ꎬ７９(５):１５２６ － １５４４. [５６]ＤＥ ＶＡＬＰＩＮＥ ＰꎬＨＡＲＴＥ Ｊ􀆰 Ｐｌａｎｔ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓ ｔｏ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ ｉｎ ａ ｍｏｎｔａｎｅ ｍｅａｄｏｗ[Ｊ]. Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｙꎬ２００１ꎬ８２(３):６３７ － ６４８. [５７]ＲＵＳＴＡＤ Ｌ ＥꎬＣＡＭＰＢＥＬＬ Ｊ ＬꎬＭＡＲＩＯＮ Ｇ Ｍꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ａ ｍｅｔａ － ａｎａｌｙ￣ ｓｉｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ｏｆ ｓｏｉｌ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎꎬｎｅｔ ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ ｍｉｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎꎬ ａｎｄ ａｂｏｖｅｇｒｏｕｎｄ ｐｌａｎｔ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｔｏ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ[Ｊ]. Ｏｅｃｏ￣ ｌｏｇｉａꎬ２００１ꎬ１２６(４):５４３ － ５６２. [５８]ＬＩＮ Ｄ ＬꎬＸＩＡ Ｊ ＹꎬＷＡＮ Ｓ Ｑ􀆰 Ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ ａｎｄ ｂｉｏｍａｓｓ ａｃｃｕｍｕ￣ ｌａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｅｒｒｅｓｔｒｉａｌ ｐｌａｎｔｓ: ａ ｍｅｔａ － ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ [ Ｊ]. Ｎｅｗ Ｐｈｙｔｏｌｏｇｉｓｔꎬ ２０１０ꎬ１８８(１):１８７ － １９８. [５９]ＬＵ ＭꎬＺＨＯＵ Ｘ ＨꎬＹＡＮＧ Ｑꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓ ｏｆ ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｃａｒｂｏｎ ｃｙ￣ ｃｌｅ ｔｏ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ:ａ ｍｅｔａ － ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ[ Ｊ]. Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｙꎬ２０１３ꎬ９４ (３):７２６ － ７３８. [６０]ＬＵＯ Ｙ Ｑ􀆰 Ｔｅｒｒｅｓｔｒｉａｌ ｃａｒｂｏｎ － ｃｙｃｌｅ ｆｅｅｄｂａｃｋ ｔｏ ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ[Ｊ]. Ａｎｎｕａｌ Ｒｅｖｉｅｗ ｏｆ Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｙ Ｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃｓꎬ２００７ꎬ３８:６８３ － ７１２. [６１]ＨＵＮＴＩＮＧＦＯＲＤ ＣꎬＣＯＸ Ｐ ＭꎬＬＥＮＴＯＮ Ｔ Ｍ􀆰 Ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔｉｎｇ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓ ｏｆ ａ ｓｉｍｐｌｅ ｔｅｒｒｅｓｔｒｉａｌ ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｍｏｄｅｌ ｔｏ ｇｌｏｂａｌ ｃｈａｎｇｅ [ Ｊ]. Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ Ｍｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇꎬ２０００ꎬ１３４(１):４１ － ５８. [６２ ] ＺＨＯＵ ＴꎬＬＵＯ Ｙ Ｑ􀆰 Ｓｐａｔｉａｌ ｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓ ｏｆ ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｃａｒｂｏｎ ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｃｅ ｔｉｍｅ ａｎｄ ＮＰＰ － ｄｒｉｖｅｎ ｃａｒｂｏｎ ｕｐｔａｋｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｅｒｍｉｎｏｕｓ Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ Ｓｔａｔｅｓ [Ｊ]. Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ｂｉｏｇｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ Ｃｙｃｌｅｓꎬ２００８ꎬ２２(３). [６３]ＺＥＲＩＨＵＮ ＡꎬＭＯＮＴＡＧＵ Ｋ ＤꎬＨＯＦＦＭＡＮＮ Ｍ Ｂꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓ ｏｆ ｂｅｌｏｗ － ａｎｄ ａｂｏｖｅｇｒｏｕｎｄ ｂｉｏｍａｓｓ ｉｎ Ｅｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓ ｐｏｐｕｌｎｅａ ｗｏｏｄｌａｎｄ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｎｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔ Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ ａｌｏｎｇ ａ ｒａｉｎｆａｌｌ ｇｒａｄｉｅｎｔ[Ｊ]. Ｅｃｏｓｙｓ￣ ｔｅｍｓꎬ２００６ꎬ９(４):５０１ － ５１５. [６４]胡中民ꎬ樊江文ꎬ钟华平ꎬ等. 中国温带草地地上生产力沿降水梯 度的时空变异性[Ｊ]. 中国科学(Ｄ 辑)ꎬ２００６ꎬ３６(１２):１１５４ － １１６２. [６５]ＢＡＩ Ｙ ＦꎬＷＵ Ｊ ＧꎬＸＩＮＧ Ｑꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｒａｉｎ ｕｓｅ ｅｆ￣ ｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ａｃｒｏｓｓ ａ ｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎ ｇｒａｄｉｅｎｔ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ Ｍｏｎｇｏｌｉａ ｐｌａｔｅａｕ[ Ｊ]. Ｅ￣ ｃｏｌｏｇｙꎬ２００８ꎬ８９(８):２１４０ － ２１５３. [６６]ＮＩＵ Ｓ ＬꎬＷＵ Ｍ ＹꎬＨＡＮ Ｙꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｗａｔｅｒ － ｍｅｄｉａｔｅｄ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓ ｏｆ ｅｃｏ￣ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｃａｒｂｏｎ ｆｌｕｘｅｓ ｔｏ ｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃ ｃｈａｎｇｅ ｉｎ ａ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅ ｓｔｅｐｐｅ[Ｊ]. Ｎｅｗ Ｐｈｙｔｏｌｏｇｉｓｔꎬ２００８ꎬ１７７(１):２０９ － ２１９. [６７]ＮＩＵ Ｓ ＬꎬＹＡＮＧ Ｈ ＪꎬＺＨＡＮＧ Ｚꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｎｏｎ － Ａｄｄｉｔｉｖｅ Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ Ｗａｔｅｒ ａｎｄ Ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ Ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ ｏｎ Ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ Ｃａｒｂｏｎ Ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅ ｉｎ ａ Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅ Ｓｔｅｐｐｅ[Ｊ]. Ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓꎬ２００９ꎬ１２(６):９１５ － ９２６. [６８]ＸＵ ＸꎬＳＨＥＲＲＹ Ｒ ＡꎬＮＩＵ ＳＬꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｎｅｔ ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｒａｉｎ － ｕｓｅ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ａｓ ａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ ｂｙ ｗａｒｍｉｎｇꎬａｌｔｅｒｅｄ ｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎꎬａｎｄ ｃｌｉｐ￣ ｐｉｎｇ ｉｎ ａ ｍｉｘｅｄ － ｇｒａｓｓ ｐｒａｉｒｉｅ [ Ｊ]. Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ｃｈａｎｇｅ Ｂｉｏｌｏｇｙꎬ２０１３ꎬ１９ (９):２７５３ － ２７６４. [６９]ＰＨＩＬＬＩＰＳ Ｏ ＬꎬＶＡＮ ＤＥＲ ＨＥＩＪＤＥＮ ＧꎬＬＥＷＩＳ Ｓ Ｌꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｄｒｏｕｇｈｔ － ｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓ ｆｏｒ ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌ ｆｏｒｅｓｔｓ[ Ｊ]. Ｎｅｗ Ｐｈｙｔｏｌｏｇｉｓｔꎬ２０１０ꎬ １８７(３):６３１ － ６４６. [７０]ＫＮＡＰＰ Ａ ＫꎬＦＡＹ Ｐ ＡꎬＢＬＡＩＲ Ｊ Ｍꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｒａｉｎｆａｌｌ ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙꎬｃａｒｂｏｎ ｃｙｃｌｉｎｇꎬａｎｄ ｐｌａｎｔ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｉｎ ａ ｍｅｓｉｃ ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ[ Ｊ]. Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅꎬ ２００２ꎬ２９８(５６０１):２２０２ － ２２０５. [７１] ＫＮＡＰＰ Ａ ＫꎬＢＥＩＥＲ ＣꎬＢＲＩＳＫＥ Ｄ Ｄꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓ ｏｆ Ｍｏｒｅ Ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅ Ｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎ Ｒｅｇｉｍｅｓ ｆｏｒ Ｔｅｒｒｅｓｔｒｉａｌ Ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ [ Ｊ]. Ｂｉｏｓｃｉ￣ ｅｎｃｅꎬ２００８ꎬ５８(９):８１１ － ８２１. [７２]ＣＲＡＩＮＥ Ｊ ＭꎬＮＩＰＰＥＲＴ Ｊ ＢꎬＥＬＭＯＲＥ Ａ Ｊꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｔｉｍｉｎｇ ｏｆ ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ [ Ｊ]. Ｐｒｏｃｅｅｄｉｎｇｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ａｃａｄｅｍｙ ｏｆ Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ Ｓｔａｔｅｓ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａꎬ２０１２ꎬ１０９ (９): ３４０１ － ３４０５. [７３]ＦＡＮＧ Ｊ ＹꎬＰＩＡＯ Ｓ ＬꎬＺＨＯＵ Ｌ Ｍꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎ ｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓ ａｌｔｅｒ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｏｆ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅ ｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎ[Ｊ]. Ｇｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ Ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓꎬ２００５ꎬ ３２(２１). [７４]ＰＨＩＬＬＩＰＳ Ｏ ＬꎬＡＲＡＧＡＯ Ｌ Ｅ Ｏ ＣꎬＬＥＷＩＳ Ｓ Ｌꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ｄｒｏｕｇｈｔ Ｓｅｎｓｉ￣ ｔｉｖｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ａｍａｚｏｎ Ｒａｉｎｆｏｒｅｓｔ[Ｊ]. Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅꎬ２００９ꎬ３２３(５９１９):１３４４ － １３４７. [７５]ＰＥＮＧ Ｃ ＨꎬＭＡ Ｚ ＨꎬＬＥＩ Ｘ Ｄꎬｅｔ ａｌ􀆰 Ａ ｄｒｏｕｇｈｔ － ｉｎｄｕｃｅｄ ｐｅｒｖａｓｉｖｅ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ ｉｎ ｔｒｅｅ ｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙ ａｃｒｏｓｓ Ｃａｎａｄａ'ｓ ｂｏｒｅａｌ ｆｏｒｅｓｔｓ[Ｊ]. Ｎａｔｕｒｅ Ｃｌｉ￣ ｍａｔｅ Ｃｈａｎｇｅꎬ２０１１ꎬ１(９):４６７ － ４７１. [７６]ＺＨＡＯ Ｍ ＳꎬＲＵＮＮＩＮＧ Ｓ Ｗ􀆰 Ｄｒｏｕｇｈｔ － Ｉｎｄｕｃｅｄ Ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ Ｇｌｏｂａｌ ２１