connotation:a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes reference: the use of language to express a propostion, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition, i. e. to talk about things in context sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation 82 omplementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely, such as male, female, absent. 83 gradable antonymy: members of this kind are gradable, such as long: short, big, small, fat; thin, etc converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition, such as buy; sell, lend, borrow, above, below, etc relational opposites converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, temporal and spatial relations. There are always two entities involved. One presupposes the other. The shorter, better; worse. etc are instances of relational opposite hyponymy: a relation between tow words, in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate )is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym) 87 superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy, i. e the class name. A superordinate usually has several hyponyms. Under animal, for example, there are cats, dogs, pigs, etc, semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined selection restriction: semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take, e. g. regret requires a human subject 91 prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus, is the tudy of the truth conditions for propositions how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them proposition what is talk about in an utterance, that part of the speech act which has to do with rererence predicate logic: also predicate calculus, which studies the internal structure of simple 94 assimilation theory: language(sound, word syntax, etc )change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s. It saaumes a"recognition lexicon"in which each word is represented by a full and independentrecognistion element".When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal, all elements matching it are fully acticated, and, as more of the signal is received, the system tries to match it independently with each of them, Wherever it fails the element is deactivated; this process continues until only one remains active context effect this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it. 97 frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language77. connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes. 78. reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes. 79. reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context. 80. sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context. 81. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation. 82. complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent. 83. gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc. 84. converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc. 85. relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other. The shorter,better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites. 86. hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym) 87. superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc, 88. semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g<+human> 89. compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined. 90. selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take,e.g.regret requires a human subject. 91. prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them. 92. proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference. 93. predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple. 94. assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows. 95. cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes a “recognition lexicon”in which each word is represented by a full and independent”recognistion element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active. 96. context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it. 97. frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language