Some commonly used adjuvants Adjuvant Composition and use Freunds complete adjuvant(FCA) Mineral oil containing heat-killed mycobacteria(Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Used as emulsion with aqueous antigen Freunds incomplete adjuvant(FIA) Mineral oil Used as emulsion with aqueous antigen Alum Complex aluminium salts. There are various ersions of the adjuvant: some can be purchased ready for use(e.g Alhydrogel); others can be prepared in the laboratory by mixing various salts, e. g. NaHCO3, and aluminium potassium sulphate Aqueous Bentonite Wyoming sodium bentonite(Montmorillonite) as gel Aqueous antigen adsorbed to surface Oula Saponin derived from Quillaja saponana Molina(South American tree). Mixed to form a complex with aqueous antigen Muramyl dipeptide(MDP) N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine Mixed with tigen va derivations of MDP are aqueous antigen Monophosphoryl lipid A(MPL Used in various formulations, often as an emulsion with oils. Antigen included in Bacillus pertussis Killed organisms mixed with aqueous266 Some commonly used adjuvants Adjuvant Composition and use Freund’s complete adjuvant(FCA) Mineral oil containing heat-killed mycobacteria(Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Used as emulsion with aqueous antigen Freund’s incomplete adjuvant(FIA) Mineral oil Used as emulsion with aqueous antigen Alum Complex aluminium salts. There are various versions of the adjuvant: some can be purchased ready for use(e.g. Alhydrogel); others can be prepared in the laboratory by mixing various salts, e.g. NaHCO3, and aluminium potassium sulphate. Aqueous antigen is absorbed to gel Bentonite Wyoming sodium bentonite(Montmorillonite) as gel. Aqueous antigen adsorbed to surface Quil A Saponin derived from Quillaja saponana Molina(South American tree). Mixed to form a complex with aqueous antigen. Muramyl dipeptide(MDP) N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine. Mixed with aqueous antigen. Various derivations of MDP are aqueous antigen Monophosphoryl lipid A(MPL) Used in various formulations, often as an emulsion with oils. Antigen included in emulsion Bacillus pertussis Killed organisms mixed with aqueous antigen