DETAILED CONTENTS Structure and Bonding1 1-1 Atomic Structure:The Nucleus 3 1-2 Atomic Structure:Orbitals 4 13 Atomic Structure:Electron Configurations 6 1-4 Development of Chemical Bonding Theory 1-5 Describing Chemical Bonds:Valence Bond Theory 10 1-6 sp3 Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Methane 12 17 sp3 Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethane 13 1-8 sp2 Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethylene 14 1-9 sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene 16 1-10 Hybridization of Nitrogen,Oxygen,Phosphorus,and Sulfur 18 1-11 Describing Chemical Bonds:Molecular Orbital Theory 20 1-12 Drawing Chemical Structures 21 SOMETHING EXTRA Organic Foods:Risk versus Benefit 24 Polar Covalent Bonds;Acids and Bases 28 21 Polar Covalent Bonds:Electronegativity 2-2 Polar Covalent Bonds:Dipole Moments 31 2-3 Formal Charges 24 Resonance 2.5 Rules for Resonance Forms 37 2-6 Drawing Resonance Forms 27 Acids and Bases:The Bronsted-Lowry Definition 42 2-8 Acid and Base Strength 29 Predicting Acid-Base Reactions from pKa Values 46 2.10 Organic Acids and Organic Bases 47 2-11 Acids and Bases:The Lewis Definition 50 2-12 Noncovalent Interactions between Molecules 54 SOMETHING EXTRA Alkaloids:From Cocaine to Dental Anesthetics D e t a i l e D C o n t e n t s 1 structure and Bonding | 1 1-1 atomic structure: the nucleus 3 1-2 atomic structure: orbitals 4 1-3 atomic structure: Electron configurations 6 1-4 Development of chemical Bonding theory 7 1-5 Describing chemical Bonds: Valence Bond theory 10 1-6 sp3 hybrid orbitals and the structure of Methane 12 1-7 sp3 hybrid orbitals and the structure of Ethane 13 1-8 sp2 hybrid orbitals and the structure of Ethylene 14 1-9 sp hybrid orbitals and the structure of acetylene 16 1-10 hybridization of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur 18 1-11 Describing chemical Bonds: Molecular orbital theory 20 1-12 Drawing chemical structures 21 soMetHinG eXtra organic Foods: Risk versus Benefit 24 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; acids and Bases | 28 2-1 polar covalent Bonds: Electronegativity 28 2-2 polar covalent Bonds: Dipole Moments 31 2-3 Formal charges 33 2-4 Resonance 36 2-5 Rules for Resonance Forms 37 2-6 Drawing Resonance Forms 39 2-7 acids and Bases: the Brønsted–lowry Definition 42 2-8 acid and Base strength 44 2-9 predicting acid–Base Reactions from pKa Values 46 2-10 organic acids and organic Bases 47 2-11 acids and Bases: the lewis Definition 50 2-12 noncovalent interactions between Molecules 54 soMetHinG eXtra alkaloids: From cocaine to Dental anesthetics 56 vi 42912_00_FM_i-xxiv.indd 6 1/16/14 3:00 PM Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it