第16卷第1期 语言书写机制的研究进展:来自失写症的证据 5 Shallice T. Phonological agraphia and the lexical route in 19 Caramazza A, Hillis A. where do semantic errors come from? writing. Brain.,1981,104:413~429 Cortex,1990,26:95~122 B. A dy of acquired dyslexia and 20 Caramazza A, Miceli G Villa G et al. The role of the dysgraphia in Cantonese: Evidence for nonsemantic pathways graphemic buffer in spelling: Evidence from a case of for reading and writing in Chinese. Cognitive cquired dysgraphia. Cognition, 1987, 26: 59-85 Neuropsychology, 2001, 18(8): 729-748 celi structure of grapheme 7 Alexander M P. Hiltbrunner B. Fischer R S. Distributed representations. Cognition, 1990, 37: 243-297 anatomy of transcortical sensory aphasia. Archives of 22 Cotelli M, Abutalebi J, Zorzi M, Cappa S F Vowels in the Neurology1989,46:885-892 buffer: A case of acquired dysgraphia with selective vowel 8 Rapcsak S Z, Rubens A B Disruption of semantic influence on abstitutions. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2003, 20(2) writing following a left prefrontal lesion. Brain and language, 99~114 1990,38:334-344 23 Ward J, Romani C. Consonant-vowel encoding and 9 Luders H, Lesser R P, Hahn J, et al. Basal temporal language orthosyllabes in a case of acquired dysgraphia. Cognitive area. Brain,1991,114:743-754 Neuropsychology, 2000, 17: 641-663 10 Hatfied F M, Patterson K. Phonological spelling. Quarterly24傅永和.汉字的部件.语文建设,1991,12:3-6 ournal of Experimental Psychology, 1983, 35A: 451-468 25 Law S P, Leung M T. Structural representations of characters Roeltgen D P, Heilman K M. Lexical agraphia: Further support in Chinese writing: Evidence from a case of acquired for the two-system hypothesis of linguistic agraphia. Brain, dysgraphia. Psychologic, 2000, 43: 67-83 984,107:8ll~827 26苏培成.现代汉字学纲要.北京大学出版社,1994 l2 Vanier m, Caplan D. CT correlates of surface dyslexia. In:KE27张普.汉字部件分析的研究和理论.语文研究,1984,1 atterson,J C Marshall, M Coltheart(Eds), Surface dyslexia, 1985: Neurosychological and cognitive studies of 28 Han Z, Zhang Y, Shu H, et al. The orthographic buffer in writing chinese: Evidence from a dysgraphic patient. 13 Penielo M J, Lambert J, Eustache F, et al. A PET study of Cognitive Neuropsychology, in press function neuroanatomy of writing impairment in Alzheimer's 29 McCloskey M, Badecker W, Goodman-Shulman R A, et al disease: the role of the left supramarginal and angular gyri. The structure of graphemic representations in spelling Brain,1995,18:697~707 Evidence from a case of acquired dysgraphia. Cognitive 14 Bub D, Kertesz A. Evidence for lexicographic processing in a uropsychology, 1994, 2: 341-392 patient with preserved written over oral single word naming. 30 Law S P. Writing errors of a Cantonese dysgraphic patient and rain,1982,105:697~717 their theoretical implications. Neurocase, 2004, 10: 132-140 15 Langmore S E, Canter G J. Written spelling deficit of Broca's 31 Salmon E, Van der Linden M, Collette F, et al. Regional brain aphasics. Brain and Language, 1983, 18: 293-314 activity during working memory tasks. Brain, 1996, 119 16 Alexander M P. Fisher rs. Friedman R. Lesion localization 6l~1625 apractic agraphia. Archives of Neuroscience, 1992, 9: 32 Smith E E, Jonides J. Neuroimaging analyses of human 357~381 working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of 17 Rapp B, Epstein C, Tainturier M. The integration of Sciences,1998,95:12061~12068 information across lexical and sublexical processes in spelling. 33 Ungerleider L Gi, Courtney S M, Haxby J V. A neural system Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2002, 19: 1-29 for human working memory. Proceedings of the National 18 Hillis A E, Rapp B, Caramazza A. when a rose is a rose in Academy of Sciences, 1998, 95: 883-890 speech but a tulip in writing. Cortex, 1999, 35: 337-356 Theories about word writing: Evidence from Acquired Dysgraphia AState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875,chine CBeijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Applied Experiment, Beijing Normal Universiry: Beijing 100875, China) Abstract: Acquired dysgraphia resulting from brain damage can manifest in various ways and have provided unique opportunities to uncover the cognitive and neural mechanisms of normal word writing. In the current article we introduce a major theoretical framework of the writing process, review the cognitive neuropsychological evidence, identify the debating issues concerning the model, and finally propose how the model can be generated to account for the performance of Chinese dysgraphic patients Key words: writing, lexical route, sublexical route, summation, orthographic buff第 16 卷第 1 期 语言书写机制的研究进展：来自失写症的证据 -31- 5 Shallice T. Phonologicial agraphia and the lexical route in writing. Brain, 1981, 104: 413~429 6 Law S P, Or B. A case study of acquired dyslexia and dysgraphia in Cantonese: Evidence for nonsemantic pathways for reading and writing in Chinese. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2001, 18(8): 729~748 7 Alexander M P, Hiltbrunner B, Fischer R S. Distributed anatomy of transcortical sensory aphasia. Archives of Neurology, 1989, 46: 885~892 8 Rapcsak S Z, Rubens A B. Disruption of semantic influence on writing following a left prefrontal lesion. Brain and language, 1990, 38: 334~344 9 Lüders H, Lesser R P, Hahn J, et al. Basal temposral language area. Brain, 1991, 114: 743~754 10 Hatfied F M, Patterson K. Phonological spelling. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1983, 35A: 451~468 11 Roeltgen D P, Heilman K M. Lexical agraphia: Further support for the two-system hypothesis of linguistic agraphia. Brain, 1984, 107: 811~827 12 Vanier M, Caplan D. CT correlates of surface dyslexia. In: K E Patterson, J C Marshall, M Coltheart (Eds), Surface dyslexia, 1985: Neurosychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading. London: Lawrence Erlbaum 13 Peniello M J, Lambert J, Eustache F, et al. A PET study of function neuroanatomy of writing impairment in Alzheimer’s disease: the role of the left supramarginal and angular gyri. Brain, 1995, 118: 697~707 14 Bub D, Kertesz A. Evidence for lexicographic processing in a patient with preserved written over oral single word naming. Brain, 1982, 105: 697~717 15 Langmore S E, Canter G J. Written spelling deficit of Broca’s aphasics. Brain and Language, 1983, 18: 293~314 16 Alexander M P, Fisher R S, Friedman R. Lesion localization in apractic agraphia. Archives of Neuroscience, 1992, 9: 357~381 17 Rapp B, Epstein C, Tainturier MJ. The integration of information across lexical and sublexical processes in spelling. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2002, 19: 1~29 18 Hillis A E, Rapp B, Caramazza A. When a rose is a rose in speech but a tulip in writing. Cortex, 1999, 35: 337~356 19 Caramazza A, Hillis A. Where do semantic errors come from? Cortex, 1990, 26: 95~122 20 Caramazza A, Miceli G, Villa G, et al. The role of the graphemic buffer in spelling: Evidence from a case of acquired dysgraphia. Cognition, 1987, 26: 59~85 21 Caramazza A, Miceli G. The structure of graphemic representations. Cognition, 1990, 37: 243~297 22 Cotelli M., Abutalebi J, Zorzi M, Cappa S F Vowels in the buffer: A case of acquired dysgraphia with selective vowel substitutions. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2003, 20(2): 99~114 23 Ward J, Romani C. Consonant-vowel encoding and orthosyllabes in a case of acquired dysgraphia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2000, 17: 641~663 24 傅永和. 汉字的部件. 语文建设, 1991, 12: 3~6 25 Law S P, Leung M T. Structural representations of characters in Chinese writing: Evidence from a case of acquired dysgraphia. Psychologia, 2000, 43: 67~83 26 苏培成. 现代汉字学纲要. 北京大学出版社, 1994 27 张普. 汉字部件分析的研究和理论. 语文研究, 1984, 1: 37~43 28 Han Z, Zhang Y, Shu H, et al. The orthographic buffer in writing chinese: Evidence from a dysgraphic patient. Cognitive Neuropsychology, in press 29 McCloskey M, Badecker W, Goodman-Shulman R A, et al. The structure of graphemic representations in spelling: Evidence from a case of acquired dysgraphia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1994, 2: 341~392 30 Law S P. Writing errors of a Cantonese dysgraphic patient and their theoretical implications. Neurocase, 2004, 10: 132–140 31 Salmon E, Van der Linden M, Collette F, et al. Regional brain activity during working memory tasks. Brain,1996, 119: 161~1625 32 Smith E E, Jonides J. Neuroimaging analyses of human working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1998, 95: 12061~12068 33 Ungerleider L G, Courtney S M, Haxby J V. A neural system for human working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1998, 95: 883~890 Theories about Word Writing: Evidence from Acquired Dysgraphia LIU Jie 1 BI Yan-Chao 1 HAN Zai-Zhu 2 ( 1 State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China) ( 2 Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Applied Experiment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China) Abstract: Acquired dysgraphia resulting from brain damage can manifest in various ways and have provided unique opportunities to uncover the cognitive and neural mechanisms of normal word writing. In the current article we introduce a major theoretical framework of the writing process, review the cognitive neuropsychological evidence, identify the debating issues concerning the model, and finally propose how the model can be generated to account for the performance of Chinese dysgraphic patients. Key words: writing, lexical route, sublexical route, summation, orthographic buffer