htt/www.cucdecom.cn中国高校课件下载中心 、 WHAT IS ECOLOGY? A definition of ecology Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment environment is a combination of the physical environment( temperature, water availability and any influences on an organism exerted by other organisms-the biotic environment 生态学的定义 生态学是硏究有机体与其环境相互作用的科学。“环境”是物理环境(温度、可利用水等)和 生物环境(对有机体的、来自其他有机体的任何影响)的结合体。 生态学的定义:研究生物与其环境相互关系的科学 内涵:1)环境对生物的决定和塑造作用 2)生物对环境的适应 3)适应环境的生物对环境的改善作用 为什么要开展生态学研究 人类面监的四大危机: (1)环境危机 (2)人口危机 (3)资源危机 (4)能源危机 Individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems There are four identifiable subdivisions of scale which ecologists investigate (i) considering the response of individuals to their environments (ii) Examining the response of populations of a single species to the environment and considering processes such as abundance and fluctuations (iii)The composition and structure of communities( the populations occurring in a defined area) (iv ) the processes occurring within ecosystems(the combination of a community and the abiotic nponents of the environment), such as energy flow, food webs and the cycling of nutrients 个休、种群、群落和生态系统 生态学所研究的有4个可辨别尺度的亚部分: (i)探讨个体对其环境的反应; (i)研究单个物种的种群对于环境的反应,和探讨诸如多度( abundance)及其波动等的过程(i) 群落(出现在确定面积中的种群集合)的组成和结构;(ⅳ)生态系统(群落与环境的非生物 成分的结合)内的各种过程,例如能流、食物网和营养物的循环等 生态学的交叉学科 在生物学内的交叉:生理生态学,生态遗传学,行为生态学, 与自然科学的交叉:数学生态学,化学生态学,… 与人文、经济和社会科学的交叉:经济生态学,社会生态学,政治生态学,人类生态学,民 族生态学,哲学生态学, 生态学的研究方法 14.3生态学研究问题的步骤 TEN RULES IN ECOLOGY? hors experience of teaching ecology has given them experience of some common pitfalls which ecology students often make. This list, designed to counter these pitfalls is neither comprehensive nor mutually exclusive, but we hope will nevertheless serve as a useful guide tohttp://www.cucdc.com.cn 中国高校课件下载中心 一、WHAT IS ECOLOGY? A definition of ecology Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. The ‘environment’ is a combination of the physical environment (temperature, water availability, etc.) and any influences on an organism exerted by other organisms-the biotic environment. 生态学的定义 生态学是研究有机体与其环境相互作用的科学。“环境”是物理环境（温度、可利用水等）和 生物环境（对有机体的、来自其他有机体的任何影响）的结合体。 生态学的定义: 研究生物与其环境相互关系的科学 内涵：1）环境对生物的决定和塑造作用 2）生物对环境的适应 3）适应环境的生物对环境的改善作用 为什么要开展生态学研究 人类面监的四大危机： （1）环境危机 （2）人口危机 （3）资源危机 （4）能源危机 Individuals,populations,communities and ecosystems There are four identifiable subdivisions of scale which ecologists investigate; (i) considering the response of individuals to their environments; (ii) Examining the response of populations of a single species to the environment,and considering processes such as abundance and fluctuations; (iii) The composition and structure of communities (the populations occurring in a defined area); (iv)the processes occurring within ecosystems (the combination of a community and the abiotic components of the environment), such as energy flow, food webs and the cycling of nutrients. 个休、种群、群落和生态系统 生态学所研究的有 4 个可辨别尺度的亚部分： (i)探讨个体对其环境的反应； (ii)研究单个物种的种群对于环境的反应，和探讨诸如多度(abundance)及其波动等的过程（iii） 群落（出现在确定面积中的种群集合）的组成和结构；(iv)生态系统（群落与环境的非生物 成分的结合）内的各种过程，例如能流、食物网和营养物的循环等。 生态学的交叉学科 在生物学内的交叉：生理生态学，生态遗传学，行为生态学，… 与自然科学的交叉：数学生态学，化学生态学，… … 与人文、经济和社会科学的交叉：经济生态学，社会生态学，政治生态学，人类生态学，民 族生态学，哲学生态学，… … 生态学的研究方法 1.4.3 生态学研究问题的步骤 TEN RULES IN ECOLOGY? What are these rules? The authors’ experience of teaching ecology has given them experience of some common pitfalls which ecology students often make. This list, designed to counter these pitfalls, is neither comprehensive nor mutually exclusive, but we hope will nevertheless serve as a useful guide to