htt/www.cucdecom.cn中国高校课件下载中心 这些规律是什么? 生态学的授课实践使得本书作者能够觉察到大学生学习生态学时常常陷入的某些一般性错 误。本目录是为克服这些错误而设计的,既不全面,也不互相排斥,但是我们希望它将作为 有用的指南 Rule 1 ecology is a science Ecology is a purely scientific discipline which aims to understand the relationships between organisms and their wider environment. It is important to segregate political and social impacts of ecological understanding from the scientific viewpoint 规律1:生态学是科学 生态学是一门纯科学学科,目标是了解有机体与其广阔环境的相互关系。分清楚科学观点与 生态学知识的政治和社会影响这一件事是十分重要的。 Rule 2 Ecology is only understandable in the light of evolution The huge diversity of organisms, and the wealth of variety in their morphologies, physiologies and behavior are all the result of many millions of years of evolution. Those evolutionary history has left an indelible impression on each and every individual. It is only possible to make sense of the patterns we find today in the light of this evolutionary legacy 规律2:生态学只有按照进化论才可理解 有机体巨大的多样性,以及其形态学、生理学和行为的变异的丰富性,全都是亿万年进化的 结果。这个进化历史对于每一个个体都留下了不能去除的影响。我们今天发现的种种模式, 只有按照进化论的观点才可能有意义。 Rule 3 Nothing happens' for the good of the species A very common misconception is the idea that patterns of behavior in organisms which appear to be costly to an individual occur'for the good of the species. This is absolutely and completely wrong. Natural selection will favor those genes which are passed on to the most offspring, even if these genes may cause a reduction in the species'population size 规律3:“对动物种有利”现象并不存在 对于那些看起来对个体是花费的有机体行为模式,认为其出现是由于“对物种有利”的这种想 法是一个非常普遍的误解。这是绝对和完全错误的。自然选择将会有利于那些传给大多数后 裔的基因,即使这些基因有可能导致物种种群大小的下降 Rule 4 genes and environment are both important The environment an organism finds itself in plays an important role in determining the options open to that individual. The genes which define an organism's makeup are also of fundamental importance. To understand ecology it is important to appreciate the fundamental nature of both of these factors and the fact that they interact 规律4:基因和环境都很重要 有机体自己所处的环境,对于它在开放的各种选择中决定取舍上,具有重要的作用。决定有 权体构造的基因,同样具有根本的重要性。这两方面因素的基本性质及其相互作用,对于理 解生态学都是很重要的 Rule 5 Understanding complexity requires models Ecology is a complex subject, with huge variation at almost every scale-millions of species, each with considerable genetic variation, varying numbers and ever-changing behaviors in a complex and dynamic environment To understand it it is necessary to clearly identify specific questions and then formulate hypotheses which can be tested. It is often very useful to frame the hypothesishttp://www.cucdc.com.cn 中国高校课件下载中心 protocol. 这些规律是什么？ 生态学的授课实践使得本书作者能够觉察到大学生学习生态学时常常陷入的某些一般性错 误。本目录是为克服这些错误而设计的，既不全面，也不互相排斥，但是我们希望它将作为 有用的指南。 Rule 1 Ecology is a science. Ecology is a purely scientific discipline which aims to understand the relationships between organisms and their wider environment. It is important to segregate political and social impacts of ecological understanding from the scientific viewpoint. 规律 1：生态学是科学 生态学是一门纯科学学科，目标是了解有机体与其广阔环境的相互关系。分清楚科学观点与 生态学知识的政治和社会影响这一件事是十分重要的。 Rule 2 Ecology is only understandable in the light of evolution. The huge diversity of organisms, and the wealth of variety in their morphologies, physiologies and behavior are all the result of many millions of years of evolution. Those evolutionary history has left an indelible impression on each and every individual. It is only possible to make sense of the patterns we find today in the light of this evolutionary legacy. 规律 2：生态学只有按照进化论才可理解 有机体巨大的多样性，以及其形态学、生理学和行为的变异的丰富性，全都是亿万年进化的 结果。这个进化历史对于每一个个体都留下了不能去除的影响。我们今天发现的种种模式， 只有按照进化论的观点才可能有意义。 Rule 3 Nothing happens’ for the good of the species’. A very common misconception is the idea that patterns of behavior in organisms which appear to be costly to an individual occur’ for the good of the species’. This is absolutely and completely wrong. Natural selection will favor those genes which are passed on to the most offspring, even if these genes may cause a reduction in the species’population size. 规律 3：“对动物种有利”现象并不存在 对于那些看起来对个体是花费的有机体行为模式，认为其出现是由于“对物种有利”的这种想 法是一个非常普遍的误解。这是绝对和完全错误的。自然选择将会有利于那些传给大多数后 裔的基因，即使这些基因有可能导致物种种群大小的下降。 Rule 4 Genes and environment are both important. The environment an organism finds itself in plays an important role in determining the options open to that individual. The genes which define an organism’s makeup are also of fundamental importance. To understand ecology it is important to appreciate the fundamental nature of both of these factors and the fact that they interact. 规律 4：基因和环境都很重要 有机体自己所处的环境，对于它在开放的各种选择中决定取舍上，具有重要的作用。决定有 权体构造的基因，同样具有根本的重要性。这两方面因素的基本性质及其相互作用，对于理 解生态学都是很重要的。 Rule 5 Understanding complexity requires models. Ecology is a complex subject, with huge variation at almost every scale-millions of species, each with considerable genetic variation, varying numbers and ever-changing behaviors in a complex and dynamic environment. To understand it,it is necessary to clearly identify specific questions and then formulate hypotheses which can be tested. It is often very useful to frame the hypothesis