htt/www.cucdecom.cn中国高校课件下载中心 in mathematical terms to avoid ambiguity and confusion which are often inevitable in a verbal model. Mathematical models are widely used in ecology 规律5:理解复杂性要求模型 生态学是一复杂的对象,几乎每一个尺度都有大量变异——亿万个种,每种有大量基因变异 在复杂和动态的环境中有变化着的数量和随时间而改变的行为。为了理解它,必需清楚的认 明特异问题,然后形成可以检验的假设。以数学的思想方法构造假说常常是很有用的,可以 躲开在语言模型中不能避免的含糊不清和混淆。数学模型在生态学里被广泛的应用 Rule 6 Story-telling is dangerous In attempting to explain ecological patterns or relationships, it is easy to slip into a make-believe world where every observation is readily explained by some ad hoc assertion-'story-telling. The temptation to advance hypotheses as facts should be avoided at all costs 规律6:“讲故事”是危险的 在打算解释生态学种种模式或相互关系的时候,人们很容易滑到虚假世界之中,每一个观察 都很容易的被某特设的断言(所谓的“讲故事”)所解释了。无论如何,总想去推进假设实际 上是应该避免的 Rule 7 There are hierarchies of explanations For any observation there is often an immediate cause that can be diagnosed. Often this causal explanation is insufficiently informative and we need to probe deeper to reach a fuller grasp of the situation. Even if a phenomenon is 'explained there may well be further and deeper explanations which allow us to see the fuller picture 规律7:要有分层次的解释 对于任何观察,常常可以识别出一个直接的原因,但这种因果解释往往是资料不足的,我们 需要进一步探索,以达到更完全的抓住情况。即使是现象已经被“解释”了,更进一步和更深 入的解释也是很好的,它允许我们看见更完全的情景。 Rule 8 There are multiple constraints on organisms Whilst the total diversity of form, function and environmental resilience exhibited by organisms is awe-inspiring, each individual(and, to a slightly lesser extent, each species) operates within a elatively narrow range of constraints. Constraints fundamentally take two forms, (i) physical and (ii) evolutionary. Evolution cab never reach 'perfection because of these constraints and organisms are essentially hotchpotches of numerous compromises 规律8:有机体具有很多限制 有机体表现出来的形态、功能和环境适应力的总多样性是令人惊叹的,每个个体(和每一个 种,但较少程度)则在相对较小的约束范围中运转。约束基本上有两类:(i)物理的,(ⅱ) 进化的。由于这些约束,进化从来就没有达到“完善”过,有机体基本上是许多妥协的杂烩。 Rule 9 Chance is important Chance events play a critical role in ecology. The opening of a gap in a forest canopy or the breaching of a sand dunce after a storm will have a major impact on the ecology of the local fauna and flora, but both are unpredictable in either time or location. The importance of chance events in ecology does not mean ecological patterns are wholly unpredictable, but it necessarily 规律9:机会是重要的 随机事件在生态学中起关键性的作用。林冠中出现林窗或沙丘在风暴后裂口,对于当地动植 物区系将有重要的影响,但是,林窗和裂口出现的时间和地点都是不可预测的。机会的作用 也与有机体过去进化综合在一起。生态学中机会事件的重要性并不意味着生态学中的模式是http://www.cucdc.com.cn 中国高校课件下载中心 in mathematical terms to avoid ambiguity and confusion which are often inevitable in a verbal model. Mathematical models are widely used in ecology. 规律 5：理解复杂性要求模型 生态学是一复杂的对象，几乎每一个尺度都有大量变异——亿万个种，每种有大量基因变异， 在复杂和动态的环境中有变化着的数量和随时间而改变的行为。为了理解它，必需清楚的认 明特异问题，然后形成可以检验的假设。以数学的思想方法构造假说常常是很有用的，可以 躲开在语言模型中不能避免的含糊不清和混淆。数学模型在生态学里被广泛的应用。 Rule 6 ‘Story-telling’ is dangerous. In attempting to explain ecological patterns or relationships, it is easy to slip into a make-believe world where every observation is readily explained by some ad hoc assertion – ‘story-telling’. The temptation to advance hypotheses as facts should be avoided at all costs. 规律 6：“讲故事”是危险的 在打算解释生态学种种模式或相互关系的时候，人们很容易滑到虚假世界之中，每一个观察 都很容易的被某特设的断言（所谓的“讲故事”）所解释了。无论如何，总想去推进假设实际 上是应该避免的。 Rule 7 There are hierarchies of explanations. For any observation there is often an immediate cause that can be diagnosed. Often this causal explanation is insufficiently informative and we need to probe deeper to reach a fuller grasp of the situation. Even if a phenomenon is ‘explained’ there may well be further and deeper explanations which allow us to see the fuller picture. 规律 7：要有分层次的解释 对于任何观察，常常可以识别出一个直接的原因，但这种因果解释往往是资料不足的，我们 需要进一步探索，以达到更完全的抓住情况。即使是现象已经被“解释”了，更进一步和更深 入的解释也是很好的，它允许我们看见更完全的情景。 Rule 8 There are multiple constraints on organisms. Whilst the total diversity of form, function and environmental resilience exhibited by organisms is awe-inspiring, each individual (and, to a slightly lesser extent, each species) operates within a relatively narrow range of constraints. Constraints fundamentally take two forms, (i) physical and (ii) evolutionary. Evolution cab never reach ‘perfection’ because of these constraints and organisms are essentially hotchpotches of numerous compromises. 规律 8：有机体具有很多限制 有机体表现出来的形态、功能和环境适应力的总多样性是令人惊叹的，每个个体（和每一个 种，但较少程度）则在相对较小的约束范围中运转。约束基本上有两类：（i）物理的，（ii） 进化的。由于这些约束，进化从来就没有达到“完善”过，有机体基本上是许多妥协的杂烩。 Rule 9 Chance is important. Chance events play a critical role in ecology. The opening of a gap in a forest canopy or the breaching of a sand dunce after a storm will have a major impact on the ecology of the local fauna and flora, but both are unpredictable in either time or location. The importance of chance events in ecology does not mean ecological patterns are wholly unpredictable, but it necessarily places boundaries on the potential level of predictive detail. 规律 9：机会是重要的 随机事件在生态学中起关键性的作用。林冠中出现林窗或沙丘在风暴后裂口，对于当地动植 物区系将有重要的影响，但是，林窗和裂口出现的时间和地点都是不可预测的。机会的作用 也与有机体过去进化综合在一起。生态学中机会事件的重要性并不意味着生态学中的模式是