htt/www.cucdecom.cn中国高校课件下载中心 完全不可预测的,但是它必然是位于预言细节的潜在水平之边缘。 Rule 10 There boundaries of ecology are in the mind of the ecologist Ecology is a broad science, covering both organisms and physical environments and hence potentially relevant. Mathematics, chemistry and physics are tools essential to the understanding of ecology 规律10:在生态学家心目中的生态学边界 生态学是一门广泛的科学,覆盖着生物和物理环境,从而作为潜在相关的,很少有被排除在 外的了。数学、化学和物理学都是理解生态学的基本工具。 二、 ADAPTATION Fitness is measure of the ability of an individual to produce viable offspring and contribute to future generations. Individuals vary in their relative fitness, and this variation is due partly to genetic differences among individuals and partly to environmental influences 适合度 适合度是个体生产能存活后代、并能对未来世代有贡献的能力的指标。个体的相对适合度是 有变化的,这种变化部分决定于个体的遗传区别,部分决定于环境的影响。 Any heritable trait possessed by an organism which aids survival or reproduction is an adaptation Such traits may be physiological, morphological or behavioral. Adaptation is the result of natural 适应 有机体所具有的有助于生存和生殖的任何可遗传特征都是适应。适应性特征可以是生理的 形态的或行为的。适应是自然选择的结果 Natural selection The individuals in a species which have the highest fitness will contribute disproportionately to the subsequent generations. If fitness differences have a genetic component, then the genetic ake-up of the subsequent generations will be altered. This process is known as natural selection or 'survival of the fittest 自然选择 种中具有最高适合度的个体将会对未来世代作出特别高的贡献。如果适合度的差别含有遗传 的成分,则后代的遗传组成会有改变。这个过程称为自然选择或“最适者生存”。 Genotype and phenotype The genotype is the genetic composition of an individual. The phenotype is the individual organism,a product of the interaction between its genotype environmental influences on its genotype is known as phenotypic plasticity(e.g. human suntan, wind-shaped plants locust morph ( solitary or migratory)) 基因型和表型 基因型是个体的遗传组成。表型是各个有机体,它是基因型与环境的相互作用的产物。由于 环境对基因型的影响,表型发生变化的能力叫做表型可塑性(如人的晒黑、风造形的植物 蝗虫的单生或群居型)。 COPING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION Variable environmental factors which organisms respond to are conditions. Examples include temperature, acidity and salinity. Conditions are not depletable-they are not used up or consumedhttp://www.cucdc.com.cn 中国高校课件下载中心 完全不可预测的，但是它必然是位于预言细节的潜在水平之边缘。 Rule 10 There boundaries of ecology are in the mind of the ecologist. Ecology is a broad science, covering both organisms and physical environments and hence excludes little as potentially relevant. Mathematics, chemistry and physics are tools essential to the understanding of ecology. 规律 10：在生态学家心目中的生态学边界 生态学是一门广泛的科学，覆盖着生物和物理环境，从而作为潜在相关的，很少有被排除在 外的了。数学、化学和物理学都是理解生态学的基本工具。 二、ADAPTATION Fitness Fitness is measure of the ability of an individual to produce viable offspring and contribute to future generations. Individuals vary in their relative fitness, and this variation is due partly to genetic differences among individuals and partly to environmental influences. 适合度 适合度是个体生产能存活后代、并能对未来世代有贡献的能力的指标。个体的相对适合度是 有变化的，这种变化部分决定于个体的遗传区别，部分决定于环境的影响。 Adaptation Any heritable trait possessed by an organism which aids survival or reproduction is an adaptation. Such traits may be physiological, morphological or behavioral. Adaptation is the result of natural selection. 适应 有机体所具有的有助于生存和生殖的任何可遗传特征都是适应。适应性特征可以是生理的、 形态的或行为的。适应是自然选择的结果。 Natural selection The individuals in a species which have the highest fitness will contribute disproportionately to the subsequent generations. If fitness differences have a genetic component, then the genetic make-up of the subsequent generations will be altered. This process is known as natural selection or ‘survival of the fittest’. 自然选择 种中具有最高适合度的个体将会对未来世代作出特别高的贡献。如果适合度的差别含有遗传 的成分，则后代的遗传组成会有改变。这个过程称为自然选择或“最适者生存”。 Genotype and phenotype The genotype is the genetic composition of an individual. The phenotype is the individual organism, a product of the interaction between its genotype environmental influences on its genotype is known as phenotypic plasticity (e.g. human suntan, wind-shaped plants locust morph (solitary or migratory)). 基因型和表型 基因型是个体的遗传组成。表型是各个有机体，它是基因型与环境的相互作用的产物。由于 环境对基因型的影响，表型发生变化的能力叫做表型可塑性（如人的晒黑、风造形的植物、 蝗虫的单生或群居型）。 三、COPING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION Conditions Variable environmental factors which organisms respond to are conditions. Examples include temperature, acidity and salinity. Conditions are not depletable – they are not used up or consumed