viii|Contents Attention 306 Obiect Attention 308 Review of Attention and Perceptual selection Mechanisms 309 Attentional Control Networks 311 Dorsal Attention Network:Frontoparietal Attention System 313 Ventral Right Attention Network 318 Subcortical Components of Attention Control Networks 319 Review of Attentional Control Networks 322 8 Action 326 The Anatomy and Control of Motor Structures 329 Muscles motor Neu rons,and the Spinal Cord 330 Sut ortical Motor Structures 332 Cortical Regions Involved in Motor Control 334 Computational Issues in Motor Control 337 Central Pattern Generators 337 Central Representation of Move ent Plans 338 Hierarchic al Re ntation of Ac tior Sequences 340 Physiological Analysis of Motor Pathways 342 Neural Coding of Movement 342 7 Attention 272 Alternative perspectives on Neural The Anatomy of Attention 275 Representation of movement 343 The Neuropsychology of Attention 275 Goal Selection and Action Planni 346 Neglect 276 Action Goals and Movement Plans 347 Neuropsychological Tests of Neglect 277 Representational Variation Across Motor Extinction 278 Areas of the Cortex 348 Comparing Neglect and The Brain-Machine Interface 352 Balint's Syndrome 279 rly Work on the rai 352 Models of Attention 280 Hermann von Helmholtz and Covert Attention 280 Movement Initiation and the Basal Ganglia 356 The Cocktail Party Effect 281 The Basal Ganglia as a Gatekeeper 357 Early Versus Late Selection Models 283 Disorders of the Basal Ganglia 358 Quantifying the Role of Attention in Action Understanding and Mirror Neurons 363 Perception 283 Learning and Performing New Skills 366 Neural Mechanisms of Attention and Perceptual Shift in Cortical Control with Learning 366 Selection 286 Adaptive Learning Through Sensory Voluntary Spatial Attention 286 Feedback 367 Reflexive Spatial Attention 295 Neural Me nisms of Adaptatior 368 Visual Search 297 0 rd Models:Using Sensorim Feature Attention 301 for Motor Control and Learning 371 Interplay Bet n Spatial and Feature Experts 373viii | Contents 7 Attention 272 The Anatomy of Attention 275 The Neuropsychology of Attention 275 Neglect 276 Neuropsychological Tests of Neglect 277 Extinction 278 Comparing Neglect and Bálint’s  Syndrome 279 Models of Attention 280 Hermann von Helmholtz and Covert Attention 280 The Cocktail Party Effect 281 Early Versus Late Selection Models 283 Quantifying the Role of Attention in Perception 283 Neural Mechanisms of Attention and Perceptual Selection 286 Voluntary Spatial Attention 286 Refl exive Spatial Attention 295 Visual Search 297 Feature Attention 301 Interplay Between Spatial and Feature Attention 306 Object Attention 308 Review of Attention and Perceptual Selection Mechanisms 309 Attentional Control Networks 311 Dorsal Attention Network: Frontoparietal Attention System 313 Ventral Right Attention Network 318 Subcortical Components of Attention Control Networks 319 Review of Attentional Control Networks 322 8 Action 326 The Anatomy and Control of Motor Structures 329 Muscles, Motor Neurons, and the Spinal Cord 330 Subcortical Motor Structures 332 Cortical Regions Involved in Motor Control 334 Computational Issues in Motor Control 337 Central Pattern Generators 337 Central Representation of Movement Plans 338 Hierarchical Representation of Action Sequences 340 Physiological Analysis of Motor Pathways 342 Neural Coding of Movement 342 Alternative Perspectives on Neural Representation of Movement 343 Goal Selection and Action Planning 346 Action Goals and Movement Plans 347 Representational Variation Across Motor Areas of the Cortex 348 The Brain–Machine Interface 352 Early Work on the Brain–Machine Interface 352 Making Brain–Machine Interface Systems Stable 353 Movement Initiation and the Basal Ganglia 356 The Basal Ganglia as a Gatekeeper 357 Disorders of the Basal Ganglia 358 Action Understanding and Mirror Neurons 363 Learning and Performing New Skills 366 Shift in Cortical Control with Learning 366 Adaptive Learning Through Sensory Feedback 367 Neural Mechanisms of Adaptation 368 Forward Models: Using Sensorimotor Predictions for Motor Control and Learning 371 Experts 373 00i_xviii_Cogneu_4e_FM.indd viii 8/1/13 1:22 PM