9.1 Work Attitudes 341 BOX 9.2 THOUGHTS ON ATTITUDES AND EMOTIONS AT WORK Things turn out best for the people who make the worth the effort-Herm Albright (1876-1944) bestout ofthe way things turn out-Art Linkletter German-American painter and lithographer (1912-2010)Radio and Television Personality You cannot be healthy:you cannot be happy;you If you aren't fired with enthusiasm.you will be fired cannot be prosperous if you have a bad with enthusiasm-Vince Lombardi(1913-1970) disposition-Emmet Fox (1886-1951)Irish-born Legendary American Football Coach minister,author,and speaker Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference- I've learned from experience that the greater part of Winston Churchill(1874-1965)British politician our happiness or misery depends on our disposi- and Prime Minister tions and not on our circumstances-Martha Ability is what you're capable of doing.Motivation Washington (1731-1802)The first First Lady of determines what you do.Attitude determines the U.S. how well you do it-Lou Holtz (b.1937)Former You can't get much done in life if you only work on Notre Dame football coach the days when you feel good-lerry West A positive attitude may not solve all your prob. (b.1938)NBA basketball player and executive lems.but it will annoy enough people to make it Satisfaction Questionnaires Table 9.2 displays some of the items from a questionnaire called the Job Descriptive Index (JDI)(Smith,Kendall,Hulin.1969).It is one of the most extensively researched and Job Descriptive Indes (Dl) One of the most extersively documented instruments used to measure job satisfaction (Kinicki et al.,2002).The JDI eser小4 d and doomented assesses satisfaction with five distinct areas of work:the work itself,supervision,people, pay,and promotion.The JDI also includes a separate overall satisfaction measure called the sss⅓sat中ten wid Job in General (JIG)scale,which contains 18 items (Balzer et al.,1990).A review and meta. analysis(Kinicki et al,2002)confirmed the construct validity and reliability of the JDI.The 市e线sp航k P再dmom disadvantages of the IDI are that the questionnaire is lengthy (it has 72 items)and that the broad category of "work"does not provide much information about issues such as creativ. Mimnesota Satisfaction ity,independence,variety,or other aspects of the work itself. Questionnire5项 Similar to the research of Wanous and colleagues(1997)cited above with respect to over- 中tion instrum城tat all satisfaction,Nagy(2002)has demonstrated that single-item measures ofeach of the JDI 6s5tcd2bc威 facets may work as well as,and possibly even better than,the multiple-item format.The downside to single-item measures,however,is the absence of any information about what 动向)5玩d6 might be causing the dissatisfaction,thus limiting any intervention.Other research has sai女Son ad intries found support for shorter versions of the JDI (25 items)and the JIG(8 items)scales(Russell t女dam et al 2004).If further research supports these findings,this would be a substantial practical step forward since it would reduce the expense-in both time and money-of administer- ing a lengthy satisfaction survey. 本c运rtror intns文 An alternative to the JDI is the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ)(Weiss. et也减u超 Dawis,England.Lofquist,1967).Whereas the IDI uses 72 items to assess five areas of satisfaction,the MSQ assesses more refined aspects of work (e.g.achievement,ability Ertrinsic satisfaction utilization)with only five items per area.The MSQ.which has a 20-item short version and 5 faction。derves foe a 100-item long version,also allows one to calculate an extrinsic and an intrinsic satisfaction score.Intrinsic satisfaction is related to the work that individuals do-aspects that are central or intrinsic to their job.Extrinsic satisfaction concerns whether employees are