496T fm i-xxvi 01/10/06 22: 13 Page xxi Contents·xxi 21. Optical Properties W5 22.8 Testing Procedure and Results W102 Learning Objectives W58 22.9Di 21.1 Introduction W58 ARTIFICIAL TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT W108 BASIC CONCEPTS W58 22.10 Anatomy of the Hip Joint W108 21.2 Electromagnetic Radiation W58 22.11 Material Requirements W1ll 21.3 Light Interactions with Solids W60 22 12 Materials Employed W112 21.4 Atomic and electronic CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING W115 Interactions W61 22 13 Introduction W115 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS W62 22.14 Assessment of cPc glove materials to Protect Against Exposure to Methyler OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS W63 Chloride W115 21.5 Refraction W63 MATERLALS FOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 21.6 Reflection w65 PACKACEs W119 21.7 Absorption W65 21. 8 Transmission W68 22 15 Introduction W119 21.9 Color w69 22.16 Leadframe Design and Materials W120 22.17 Die Bonding W121 21.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators W71 22.18 Wire Bonding W124 22.19 Package Encapsulation W125 APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA W72 22.20 Tape Automated Bonding W127 2111 Luminescence W72 21.12 Photoconductivity W72 References W130 21.13 Lasers W75 Design Questions and Problems W131 21.14 Optical Fibers in Communications W79 Summary w8 223. Economic, Environmental, and Important Terms and Concepts w83 Societal issues in materials science References W84 and Engineering 135 Questions and Problems W84 esign Problem W85 Learning Objectives W136 23.1 Introduction W136 22. Materials Selectio nd Design ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS W136 Considerations s6 23.2 Component Design W137 23.3 Materials W137 Learning Objectives W87 22.1 Introduction W87 23. 4 Manufacturing Techniques W137 MATERIALS SELECTION FOR A TORSIONALLY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL STRESSED CYLINDRICAL SHAFT W8 CONSIDERATIONS W137 22.2 Strength Considerations-Torsionally 23.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Stressed Shaft W88 Engineering W140 22.3 Other Property Considerations and the Summary W143 eferences 143 Final decision W93 Design Question W144 2.4 Mechanics of Spring Deformation w94 Appendi r A The International System of 2.5 Valve S Units A1 Requirements w95 22.6 One Commonly Employed Steel Appendix B Properties of Selected alloy w98 Materials 43 FAILURE OF AN AUTOMOBILE REAR B. 1 Density A3 AXLE W101 B 2 Modulus of Elasticity A6 2.7 Introduction W10 Pc Ratio A10Contents • xxi 21. Optical Properties W57 Learning Objectives W58 21.1 Introduction W58 BASIC CONCEPTS W58 21.2 Electromagnetic Radiation W58 21.3 Light Interactions with Solids W60 21.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions W61 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS W62 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS W63 21.5 Refraction W63 21.6 Reflection W65 21.7 Absorption W65 21.8 Transmission W68 21.9 Color W69 21.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators W71 APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA W72 21.11 Luminescence W72 21.12 Photoconductivity W72 21.13 Lasers W75 21.14 Optical Fibers in Communications W79 Summary W82 Important Terms and Concepts W83 References W84 Questions and Problems W84 Design Problem W85 22. Materials Selection and Design Considerations W86 Learning Objectives W87 22.1 Introduction W87 MATERIALS SELECTION FOR A TORSIONALLY STRESSED CYLINDRICAL SHAFT W87 22.2 Strength Considerations–Torsionally Stressed Shaft W88 22.3 Other Property Considerations and the Final Decision W93 AUTOMOTIVE VALVE SPRING W94 22.4 Mechanics of Spring Deformation W94 22.5 Valve Spring Design and Material Requirements W95 22.6 One Commonly Employed Steel Alloy W98 FAILURE OF AN AUTOMOBILE REAR AXLE W101 22.7 Introduction W101 22.8 Testing Procedure and Results W102 22.9 Discussion W108 ARTIFICIAL TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT W108 22.10 Anatomy of the Hip Joint W108 22.11 Material Requirements W111 22.12 Materials Employed W112 CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING W115 22.13 Introduction W115 22.14 Assessment of CPC Glove Materials to Protect Against Exposure to Methylene Chloride W115 MATERIALS FOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PACKAGES W119 22.15 Introduction W119 22.16 Leadframe Design and Materials W120 22.17 Die Bonding W121 22.18 Wire Bonding W124 22.19 Package Encapsulation W125 22.20 Tape Automated Bonding W127 Summary W129 References W130 Design Questions and Problems W131 23. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering W135 Learning Objectives W136 23.1 Introduction W136 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS W136 23.2 Component Design W137 23.3 Materials W137 23.4 Manufacturing Techniques W137 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS W137 23.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering W140 Summary W143 References W143 Design Question W144 Appendix A The International System of Units A1 Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials A3 B.1 Density A3 B.2 Modulus of Elasticity A6 B.3 Poisson’s Ratio A10 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 01/10/06 22:13 Page xxi