○Contents 1 Getting Started:Introductory 2.1.2 Potential Energy 40 Concepts and Definitions 3 2.1.3 Units for Energy 41 2.1.4 Conservation of Energy in Mechanics 41 1.1 Using Thermodynamics 4 2.1.5 Closing Comment 42 1.2 Defining Systems 4 2.2 Broadening Our Understanding of Work 42 1.2.1 Closed Systems 6 2.2.1 Sign Convention and Notation 43 1.2.2 Control Volumes 6 2.2.2 Power 44 1.2.3 Selecting the System Boundary 7 2.2.3 Modeling Expansion or Compression 1.3 Describing Systems and Their Behavior 8 Work 45 1.3.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Views 2.2.4 Expansion or Compression Work in Actual of Thermodynamics 8 Processes 46 1.3.2 Property,State,and Process 9 2.2.5 Expansion or Compression Work in 1.3-3 Extensive and Intensive Properties 9 Quasiequilibrium Processes 46 1.3.4 Equilibrium 10 2.2.6 Further Examples of Work 50 1.4 Measuring Mass,Length,Time, 2.2.7 Further Examples of Work in and Force 11 Quasiequilibrium Processes 51 2.2.8 Generalized Forces and Displacements 52 1.4151 Units11 1.4.2 English Engineering Units 12 2.3 Broadening Our Understanding of Energy 53 1.5 Specific Volume 13 2.4 Energy Transfer by Heat 54 1.6 Pressure 14 2.4.1 Sign Convention,Notation,and 1.6.1 Pressure Measurement 15 Heat Transfer Rate 54 1.6.2 Buoyancy 16 2.4.2 Heat Transfer Modes 55 1.6.3 Pressure Units 17 2.4-3 Closing Comments 57 1.7 Temperature 18 2.5 Energy Accounting:Energy Balance 1.7.1 Thermometers 19 for Closed Systems 58 1.7.2 Kelvin and Rankine Temperature 2.5.1 Important Aspects of the Energy Balance 60 Scales 20 2.5.2 Using the Energy Balance:Processes 1.7.3 Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 21 of Closed Systems 62 1.8 Engineering Design and Analysis 22 2.5-3 Using the Energy Rate Balance: 1.8.1 Design 23 Steady-State Operation 66 1.8.2 Analysis 23 2.5.4 Using the Energy Rate Balance: Transient Operation 68 1.9 Methodology for Solving Thermodynamics Problems 24 2.6 Energy Analysis of Cycles 70 2.6.1 Cycle Energy Balance 71 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 26 2.6.2 Power Cycles 71 2 Energy and the First Law 2.6.3 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles 72 of Thermodynamics 37 2.7 Energy Storage 74 2.1 Reviewing Mechanical Concepts 2.7.1 Overview 74 of Energy 38 2.7.2 Storage Technologies 74 2.1.1 Work and Kinetic Energy 38 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 75 ixContents 1 Getting Started: Introductory Concepts and Definitions 3 1.1 Using Thermodynamics 4 1.2 Defi ning Systems 4 1.2.1 Closed Systems 6 1.2.2 Control Volumes 6 1.2.3 Selecting the System Boundary 7 1.3 Describing Systems and Their Behavior 8 1.3.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Views of Thermodynamics 8 1.3.2 Property, State, and Process 9 1.3.3 Extensive and Intensive Properties 9 1.3.4 Equilibrium 10 1.4 Measuring Mass, Length, Time, and Force 11 1.4.1 SI Units 11 1.4.2 English Engineering Units 12 1.5 Specifi c Volume 13 1.6 Pressure 14 1.6.1 Pressure Measurement 15 1.6.2 Buoyancy 16 1.6.3 Pressure Units 17 1.7 Temperature 18 1.7.1 Thermometers 19 1.7.2 Kelvin and Rankine Temperature Scales 20 1.7.3 Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 21 1.8 Engineering Design and Analysis 22 1.8.1 Design 23 1.8.2 Analysis 23 1.9 Methodology for Solving Thermodynamics Problems 24 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 26 2 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics 37 2.1 Reviewing Mechanical Concepts of Energy 38 2.1.1 Work and Kinetic Energy 38 2.1.2 Potential Energy 40 2.1.3 Units for Energy 41 2.1.4 Conservation of Energy in Mechanics 41 2.1.5 Closing Comment 42 2.2 Broadening Our Understanding of Work 42 2.2.1 Sign Convention and Notation 43 2.2.2 Power 44 2.2.3 Modeling Expansion or Compression Work 45 2.2.4 Expansion or Compression Work in Actual Processes 46 2.2.5 Expansion or Compression Work in Quasiequilibrium Processes 46 2.2.6 Further Examples of Work 50 2.2.7 Further Examples of Work in Quasiequilibrium Processes 51 2.2.8 Generalized Forces and Displacements 52 2.3 Broadening Our Understanding of Energy 53 2.4 Energy Transfer by Heat 54 2.4.1 Sign Convention, Notation, and Heat Transfer Rate 54 2.4.2 Heat Transfer Modes 55 2.4.3 Closing Comments 57 2.5 Energy Accounting: Energy Balance for Closed Systems 58 2.5.1 Important Aspects of the Energy Balance 60 2.5.2 Using the Energy Balance: Processes of Closed Systems 62 2.5.3 Using the Energy Rate Balance: Steady-State Operation 66 2.5.4 Using the Energy Rate Balance: Transient Operation 68 2.6 Energy Analysis of Cycles 70 2.6.1 Cycle Energy Balance 71 2.6.2 Power Cycles 71 2.6.3 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles 72 2.7 Energy Storage 74 2.7.1 Overview 74 2.7.2 Storage Technologies 74 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 75 ix FMTOC.indd Page ix 10/14/10 2:09:05 PM user-f391 /Users/user-f391/Desktop/24_09_10/JWCL339/New File