x Contents 3 Evaluating Properties 91 Evaluating Properties Using the Ideal Gas Model 127 3.1 Getting Started 92 3.12 Introducing the ldeal Gas 3.1.1 Phase and Pure Substance 92 Model 127 3.1.2 Fixing the State 92 3.12.1 Ideal Gas Equation of State 127 Evaluating Properties: 3.12.2 Ideal Gas Model 128 General Considerations 93 3.12.3 Microscopic Interpretation 130 3.2 p-v-T Relation 93 3-13 Internal Energy,Enthalpy,and Specific 3.2.1 P-v-T Surface 94 Heats of Ideal Gases 130 3.2.2 Projections of the P-v-T Surface 96 3.i3.1△u,△h,c,and ce Relations13o 3.3 Studying Phase Change 97 3.13.2 Using Specific Heat Functions 132 3.4 Retrieving Thermodynamic 3.14 Applying the Energy Balance Using Ideal Properties 100 Gas Tables,Constant Specific Heats,and Software 133 3.5 Evaluating Pressure,Specific Volume, 3.14.1 Using Ideal Gas Tables 133 and Temperature 1o0 3.14.2 Using Constant Specific Heats 135 3-5.1 Vapor and Liquid Tables 100 3.14.3 Using Computer Software 137 3-5.2 Saturation Tables 103 3.15 Polytropic Process Relations 141 3.6 Evaluating Specific Internal Energy and Enthalpy 106 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 143 3.6.1 Introducing Enthalpy 106 3.6.2 Retrieving u and h Data 107 4 Control Volume Analysis 3.6.3 Reference States and Reference Using Energy 163 Values 108 4.1 Conservation of Mass for a Control 3.7 Evaluating Properties Using Computer Volume 164 Software 109 4.1.1 Developing the Mass Rate 3.8 Applying the Energy Balance Using Balance 164 Property Tables and Software 110 4.1.2 Evaluating the Mass Flow 3.8.1 Using Property Tables 112 Rate 165 3.8.2 Using Software 115 4.2 Forms of the Mass Rate Balance 166 3.9 Introducing Specific Heats c 4.2.1 One-Dimensional Flow Form of the Mass Rate Balance 166 and Cp 117 4.2.2 Steady-State Form of the Mass Rate 3.10 Evaluating Properties of Liquids and Balance 167 Solids 118 4.2.3 Integral Form of the Mass Rate 3.10.1 Approximations for Liquids Using Balance 167 Saturated Liguid Data 118 4.3 Applications of the Mass Rate 3.10.2 Incompressible Substance Model 119 Balance 168 3.11 Generalized Compressibility 4.3.1 Steady-State Application 168 Chart 122 4.3.2 Time-Dependent(Transient) 3.11.1 Universal Gas Constant,R 122 Application 169 3.11.2 Compressibility Factor,Z 122 4.4 Conservation of Energy for a 3.11.3 Generalized Compressibility Data, Control Volume 172 Z Chart 123 4.4.1 Developing the Energy Rate Balance for a 3.11.4 Equations of State 126 Control Volume 172x Contents 3 Evaluating Properties 91 3.1 Getting Started 92 3.1.1 Phase and Pure Substance 92 3.1.2 Fixing the State 92 Evaluating Properties: General Considerations 93 3.2 p–y–T Relation 93 3.2.1 p–y–T Surface 94 3.2.2 Projections of the p–y–T Surface 96 3.3 Studying Phase Change 97 3.4 Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties 100 3.5 Evaluating Pressure, Specifi c Volume, and Temperature 100 3.5.1 Vapor and Liquid Tables 100 3.5.2 Saturation Tables 103 3.6 Evaluating Specifi c Internal Energy and Enthalpy 106 3.6.1 Introducing Enthalpy 106 3.6.2 Retrieving u and h Data 107 3.6.3 Reference States and Reference Values 108 3.7 Evaluating Properties Using Computer Software 109 3.8 Applying the Energy Balance Using Property Tables and Software 110 3.8.1 Using Property Tables 112 3.8.2 Using Software 115 3.9 Introducing Specifi c Heats cy and cp 117 3.10 Evaluating Properties of Liquids and Solids 118 3.10.1 Approximations for Liquids Using Saturated Liquid Data 118 3.10.2 Incompressible Substance Model 119 3.11 Generalized Compressibility Chart 122 3.11.1 Universal Gas Constant, R 122 3.11.2 Compressibility Factor, Z 122 3.11.3 Generalized Compressibility Data, Z Chart 123 3.11.4 Equations of State 126 Evaluating Properties Using the Ideal Gas Model 127 3.12 Introducing the Ideal Gas Model 127 3.12.1 Ideal Gas Equation of State 127 3.12.2 Ideal Gas Model 128 3.12.3 Microscopic Interpretation 130 3.13 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specifi c Heats of Ideal Gases 130 3.13.1 Du, Dh, cy, and cp Relations 130 3.13.2 Using Specifi c Heat Functions 132 3.14 Applying the Energy Balance Using Ideal Gas Tables, Constant Specifi c Heats, and Software 133 3.14.1 Using Ideal Gas Tables 133 3.14.2 Using Constant Specifi c Heats 135 3.14.3 Using Computer Software 137 3.15 Polytropic Process Relations 141 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 143 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy 163 4.1 Conservation of Mass for a Control Volume 164 4.1.1 Developing the Mass Rate Balance 164 4.1.2 Evaluating the Mass Flow Rate 165 4.2 Forms of the Mass Rate Balance 166 4.2.1 One-Dimensional Flow Form of the Mass Rate Balance 166 4.2.2 Steady-State Form of the Mass Rate Balance 167 4.2.3 Integral Form of the Mass Rate Balance 167 4.3 Applications of the Mass Rate Balance 168 4.3.1 Steady-State Application 168 4.3.2 Time-Dependent (Transient) Application 169 4.4 Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume 172 4.4.1 Developing the Energy Rate Balance for a Control Volume 172 FMTOC.indd Page x 10/14/10 2:09:06 PM user-f391 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