Vendryes). In 1931, he founded the Cerclelinguistique de Copenhague. Together with Hans JorgenUldall he developed a structural theory of language which he called glossematics, which developed the semiotic theory of Ferdinand de saussure Glossematics as a theory of language is characterized by a high degree of formalism, it is interested only in describing the formal characteristics of language, and a high degree of logical rigour. The theory never became widely influential, but has recently been picked up by post-structuralist philosophers as a possible alternative to the dominant Saussurean linguistic paradigm E. The Prague school The Prague School practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics, and its most important contribution to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of function. The three important ideas developed in the Prague School The synchronic study of language was stressed 2. There was an emphasis on the systemic character of language 3. Language was looked on as functional in another sense, that is, as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to ph distinction between phonetics and phonology Trubetzkoy’ s ideas: 1. He argued that phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue. On this basis he developed the notion of "phoneme"as an abstract unit of the sound system as distinct from the sounds actually produced. A PHONEME may be defined as the sum of the differential functions. Sounds may be phonemes in so far as they can serve to distinguish meaning 2. In classifying distinctive features, Trubetzkoy proposed three criteria: (1) their relation to the whole contrastive system; (2)relations between the opposing elements; and (3) their power of discrimination 3. These OPPOSIToNS can be summarized as follows ① Bilateral opposition 2 Multilateral opposition ③Pr ④ Isolated opposition 6 Privative opposition ⑥ Gradual opposition Equipollent opposition 8 Neutralisable opposition ⑨ Constant oppo Trubetzkoy's contributions to phonological theory: He showed distinctive functions of speech sounds and gave an accurate definition for the phoneme 2. By making distinctions between phonetics and phonology, and between stylistic phonology nd phonology, he defined the sphere of phonological studies 3. By studying the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between phonemes, he revealed the interdependent relations between phonemes 4. He put forward a set of methodologies for phonological studies, such as the method of extracting phonemes and the method of studying phonological combinations12 Vendryes). In 1931, he founded the CercleLinguistique de Copenhague. Together with Hans JørgenUldall he developed a structural theory of language which he called glossematics, which developed the semiotic theory of Ferdinand de Saussure. Glossematics as a theory of language is characterized by a high degree of formalism, it is interested only in describing the formal characteristics of language, and a high degree of logical rigour. The theory never became widely influential, but has recently been picked up by post-structuralist philosophers as a possible alternative to the dominant Saussurean linguistic paradigm. E. The Prague School The Prague School practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics, and its most important contribution to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of function.The three important ideas developed in the Prague School: 1. The synchronic study of language was stressed. 2. There was an emphasis on the systemic character of language. 3. Language was looked on as functional in another sense, that is, as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Trubetzkoy’s ideas: 1. He argued that phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue. On this basis he developed the notion of “phoneme” as an abstract unit of the sound system as distinct from the sounds actually produced. A PHONEME may be defined as the sum of the differential functions. Sounds may be phonemes in so far as they can serve to distinguish meaning. 2. In classifying distinctive features, Trubetzkoy proposed three criteria: (1) their relation to the whole contrastive system; (2) relations between the opposing elements; and (3) their power of discrimination. 3. These OPPOSITONS can be summarized as follows: ① Bilateral opposition ② Multilateral opposition ③ Proportional opposition ④ Isolated opposition ⑤ Privative opposition ⑥ Gradual opposition ⑦ Equipollent opposition ⑧ Neutralisable opposition ⑨ Constant opposition Trubetzkoy’s contributions to phonological theory: 1. He showed distinctive functions of speech sounds and gave an accurate definition for the phoneme. 2. By making distinctions between phonetics and phonology, and between stylistic phonology and phonology, he defined the sphere of phonological studies. 3. By studying the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between phonemes, he revealed the interdependent relations between phonemes. 4. He put forward a set of methodologies for phonological studies, such as the method of extracting phonemes and the method of studying phonological combinations