general cognitive processes. In formulating his theory, he makes extensive use of principles of gestalt psychology and draws analogies between linguistic structure and aspects of visual percepton 0.2 The development of systemic functional linguistics 0. 2.1 Predecessors L. Wilhelm von Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt(22 June 1767-8 April 1835) was a Prussian philosopher, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the University of Berlin, which was named after him(and his brother, naturalist Alexander von Humboldt)in 1949 He is especially remembered as a linguist who made important contributions to the philosophy of language and to the theory and practice of education. In particular, he is widely recognized as aving been the architect of the Prussian education sy stem which was used as a model for ducation systems in countries such as the United States and Japan IL. Malinowski BronislawKaspar Malinowski (18841942)is a Polish anthropologist and linguist. 1. He said that language"is to be regarded as a mode of action, rather than as a counterpart of thought". According to him the meaning of an utterance does not come from the ideas of th words comprising it but from its relation to the situational context in which the utterance occurs 2. He distinguished three types of context of situation O situations in which speech interrelates with bodily activity 2 narrative situations( two subtypes the situation of the moment of narration, the situation referred to by the narrative situations in which speech is used to fill a speech vacuum-PHATIC COMMUNION( For example, the function of a polite utterance has nothing to do with the meaning of the words in it. Malinowski called such utterances"phatic communion".) 3. In his Coral Gardens and Their Magic, Malinowski developed his theories on meaning C Sapir and Whorf The American anthropologist-linguist Edward Sapir(1884-1939 )and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf(18971941) proposed a sweeping, two-pronged hypothesis concerning language and thought, i.e. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism. If one follows from this strong version of the hypothesis that there is no real translation and that it is impossible to learn the language of a different culture unless the learner abandons his or her own mode of thinking and acquires the thought patterns of the native speakers of the target language D. Hjelmslev Louis TrolleHjelmslev(October 3, 1899, Copenhagen- May 30, 1965, Copenhagen)was a Danish linguist whose ideas formed the basis of the Copenhagen School of linguistics. Born into an academic family(his father was the mathematician Johannes Hjelmslev ), Hjelmslev studied comparative linguistics in Copenhagen, Prague and Paris(with a.o. Antoine Meillet and Joseph11 general cognitive processes. In formulating his theory, he makes extensive use of principles of gestalt psychology and draws analogies between linguistic structure and aspects of visual perception. 0.2 The development of systemic functional linguistics 0.2.1 Predecessors I. Wilhelm von Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt (22 June 1767 – 8 April 1835) was a Prussian philosopher, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the University of Berlin, which was named after him (and his brother, naturalist Alexander von Humboldt) in 1949. He is especially remembered as a linguist who made important contributions to the philosophy of language and to the theory and practice of education. In particular, he is widely recognized as having been the architect of the Prussian education system which was used as a model for education systems in countries such as the United States and Japan. II. Malinowski BronislawKaspar Malinowski (1884～1942) is a Polish anthropologist and linguist. 1. He said that language “is to be regarded as a mode of action, rather than as a counterpart of thought”. According to him, the meaning of an utterance does not come from the ideas of the words comprising it but from its relation to the situational context in which the utterance occurs. 2. He distinguished three types of context of situation: ① situations in which speech interrelates with bodily activity ② narrative situations( two subtypes: the situation of the moment of narration, the situation referred to by the narrative) ③ situations in which speech is used to fill a speech vacuum-PHATIC COMMUNION( For example, the function of a polite utterance has nothing to do with the meaning of the words in it. Malinowski called such utterances “phatic communion”.) 3. In his Coral Gardens and Their Magic, Malinowski developed his theories on meaning. C. Sapir and Whorf The American anthropologist-linguist Edward Sapir (1884～1939 ) and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897 ～1941) proposed a sweeping, two-pronged hypothesis concerning language and thought, i.e. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism.If one follows from this strong version of the hypothesis that there is no real translation and that it is impossible to learn the language of a different culture unless the learner abandons his or her own mode of thinking and acquires the thought patterns of the native speakers of the target language. D. Hjelmslev Louis TrolleHjelmslev (October 3, 1899, Copenhagen – May 30, 1965, Copenhagen) was a Danish linguist whose ideas formed the basis of the Copenhagen School of linguistics. Born into an academic family (his father was the mathematician Johannes Hjelmslev), Hjelmslev studied comparative linguistics in Copenhagen, Prague and Paris (with a.o. Antoine Meillet and Joseph