Theoretical progress in the pre-Swift era >1975: Usov Chibison proposed grbs at cosmological distances; Ruderman discussed an optical depth>>1 problem >1986 Paczynski& Goodman proposed the fireball model of cosmological grbs > 1989: Eichler et al. proposed the NS-nS merger model 1990: Shemi Piran proposed the relativistic fireball model to solve the optical depth problem 1992: Rees Meszaros proposed the external shock model of grbs; Usov and duncan thompson proposed the magnetar model >1993: Woosley proposed the collapsar model 1994: Paczynski Xu and rees meszaros proposed the internal shock model of GRBs; Katz predicted afterglows from GRBs >1995: Sari piran analyzed the dynamics of forward-reverse shocks Waxmanfo vietri discussed high-E cosmic rays from GRBs > 1997: Waxman Bahcall discussed high-E neutrinos from GRBsTheoretical progress in the pre-Swift era ➢ 1975: Usov & Chibison proposed GRBs at cosmological distances; Ruderman discussed an optical depth >> 1 problem ➢ 1986: Paczynski & Goodman proposed the fireball model of cosmological GRBs ➢ 1989: Eichler et al. proposed the NS-NS merger model ➢ 1990: Shemi & Piran proposed the relativistic fireball model to solve the optical depth problem ➢ 1992: Rees & Meszaros proposed the external shock model of GRBs; Usov and Duncan & Thompson proposed the magnetar model ➢ 1993: Woosley proposed the collapsar model ➢ 1994: Paczynski & Xu and Rees & Meszaros proposed the internal shock model of GRBs; Katz predicted afterglows from GRBs ➢ 1995: Sari & Piran analyzed the dynamics of forward-reverse shocks； Waxman和Vietri discussed high-E cosmic rays from GRBs ➢ 1997: Waxman & Bahcall discussed high-E neutrinos from GRBs