所有对政府尺寸的普通测量方式一一雇员、费用、财源一一总包括了一些不足之处。在特定的情况下 这些项目忽视了规章费用所带来的影响。虽然如此,仍有很强的证据证明政府在国家策略上的布置的 影响已经增长超过时限。 10, The level of government expenditures has increased in both nominal and real absolute terms, in per capita terms, and as a percentage of gross domestic product 政府开支的水平已经在各政府预算时期,名义上和绝对数上都有了增长,如同国内产成品总体的百分 11, The share of defense spending in federal expenditure has fallen over time while Social Security ,public welfare, and payment on outstanding debt have increased in importance. The combination of entitlement programs and interest payments reduces yearly control over the level of expenditures. 着社会保障公共福利和巨大的债务偿还的比重的增加,国防支出占联邦总支出的比重在减少,政府 津贴计划和利息偿还总和逐年减少,使得总支出水平下降 12, Personal income and Social Security payroll taxes are currently the largest sources of government revenue.个人收入和社会安全工资税通常是政府最大的财税来源 CHAPTER2 Summary 陈瑜星03391009郭思03391017 1, Because economists generally cannot perform controlled experiments with the economy, the effects of economic policy are difficult to determine. 由于经济学家一般不能对经济进行可控实验,因而经济政策的影响难于确定。 2, Economic theory helps specify the factors that might affect a given kind of behavior. However, theory alone cannot say how important any particular factor is 经济理论有助于确定哪些因素可能影响某种行为,不过单凭理论不能说明任何具体因素的重要性 3, Empirical research attempts to measure both the directions and size of the effect of government policy changes on behavior Common types of empirical studies are interview studies, social and laboratory experiments, and econometric analysis. 经济研究试图测定政府政策变化对行为影响的方向和大小。经验研究一般类型有面谈,社会实验,实 验室实验和经济计量研究。 4, Interviews studies consist of directly asking people how various policies affect their behavior. However, people may not actually react to policies in the way they say they do 面谈研究是直接询问人们,各种政策如何影响他们的行为。然而,人们实际上可能不按其嘴上所说的 方式对政策作出反应。 5, Social experiments subject one group of people to some policy and compare their behavior with that of a control group. Problems can arise because: the experiment itself may affect people's behavior; it's difficult to obtain a random sample and social experiments are quite costly. 社会实验将一组人置于某种政策的影响下,将他们的行为与另外一组人的行为相比较。但问题也会同 时产生,因为这种实验本身就可能影响人们的行为,而且难于取得随机样本,同时社会实验的成本很 6, Laboratory experiments are used to study some types of economic decision 实验室实验用来研究某些经济决策 7, Econometrics is the statistical analysis of economic data In econometrics, the effects of various policies are inferred from observed behavior. 计量经济学是对经济数据的统计分析。在计量经济学中,各种政策的影响是根据观察到的行为推断出 22 所有对政府尺寸的普通测量方式――雇员、费用、财源――总包括了一些不足之处。在特定的情况下， 这些项目忽视了规章费用所带来的影响。虽然如此，仍有很强的证据证明政府在国家策略上的布置的 影响已经增长超过时限。 10，The level of government expenditures has increased in both nominal and real absolute terms, in per capita terms, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. 政府开支的水平已经在各政府预算时期，名义上和绝对数上都有了增长，如同国内产成品总体的百分 比一样。 11， The share of defense spending in federal expenditure has fallen over time ,while Social Security ,public welfare, and payment on outstanding debt have increased in importance . The combination of entitlement programs and interest payments reduces yearly control over the level of expenditures. 随着社会保障公共福利和巨大的债务偿还的比重的增加，国防支出占联邦总支出的比重在减少，政府 津贴计划和利息偿还总和逐年减少，使得总支出水平下降。 12，Personal income and Social Security payroll taxes are currently the largest sources of government revenue. 个人收入和社会安全工资税通常是政府最大的财税来源。 CHAPTER 2 Summary: 陈瑜星 03391009 郭思 03391017 1, Because economists generally cannot perform controlled experiments with the economy, the effects of economic policy are difficult to determine. 由于经济学家一般不能对经济进行可控实验，因而经济政策的影响难于确定。 2，Economic theory helps specify the factors that might affect a given kind of behavior. However, theory alone cannot say how important any particular factor is. 经济理论有助于确定哪些因素可能影响某种行为，不过单凭理论不能说明任何具体因素的重要性。 3，Empirical research attempts to measure both the directions and size of the effect of government policy changes on behavior. Common types of empirical studies are interview studies, social and laboratory experiments , and econometric analysis. 经济研究试图测定政府政策变化对行为影响的方向和大小。经验研究一般类型有面谈，社会实验，实 验室实验和经济计量研究。 4，Interviews studies consist of directly asking people how various policies affect their behavior. However, people may not actually react to policies in the way they say they do. 面谈研究是直接询问人们，各种政策如何影响他们的行为。然而，人们实际上可能不按其嘴上所说的 方式对政策作出反应。 5，Social experiments subject one group of people to some policy and compare their behavior with that of a control group. Problems can arise because: the experiment itself may affect people’s behavior; it’s difficult to obtain a random sample ; and social experiments are quite costly. 社会实验将一组人置于某种政策的影响下，将他们的行为与另外一组人的行为相比较。但问题也会同 时产生，因为这种实验本身就可能影响人们的行为，而且难于取得随机样本，同时社会实验的成本很 高。 6, Laboratory experiments are used to study some types of economic decisions . 实验室实验用来研究某些经济决策。 7, Econometrics is the statistical analysis of economic data .In econometrics, the effects of various policies are inferred from observed behavior. 计量经济学是对经济数据的统计分析。在计量经济学中，各种政策的影响是根据观察到的行为推断出