Translation( Translate each of the following passage into Chinese 翻译 (将下列每段英文翻译成中文) Chapter 1 Summary 蔡信杰03391004陈彬03391005 1, Public finance also known as public sector economics or public economics, focuses on the taxing and spending activities of government and their influence on the allocation of resources and distribution of income 财政学,即公共经济学,焦点是税收和政府支出以及它们在分配资源和分配收入上的影响。 2, Public finance economists analyze both actual policies and develop guidelines for governmen t activities. In the latter role, economists are influenced by their attitudes toward the role of government in society 财政学同时为政府行为分析现有方针和发展知道思路。在未来作用中,经济受到在社会中有利于政府 的关注者的影响。 3, In all organic view of society, individuals are valued only by their contribution to the realization of social goals. These goals are determined by the government. 在一种有机的社会观中,个别价值只是由它们对实现政府目标所做出贡献来评价的。而这些目标是由 政府来决定的。 4, In a mechanistic view of society, government is a contrivance erected to further individual goals. If is not clear how the government can reconcile sometimes conflicting individual goals. 在一种机械的社会观中,政府是一个为个别长远目标而树立的设备。而政府是如何调节有时可能有矛 盾的个别目标尚不明确 5, Individual decision making is the focus of much economies and is consistent with the mechanistic view of society adopted in this book. This does not eliminate much controversy over the appropriate role of the government in our economic. 独立地作决定是很多经济学方面的重点,也是和本书中所采用的机械的社会观相一致的,这不会除去 很多关于政府应在经济学中适合扮演的角色的争论 6, The Constitution embodies constraints on federal and state government economic activity. 宪法体现了联盟政府和国家在经济活动中的强制性 7, The federal government may effectively undertake any expenditures it whishes and may use debt and taxes to finance them. The federal government may not discriminate among states when choosing tax rates and may not place a levy on state exports. The 16 Amendment empowers the federal government to tax personal incomes. 联盟政府可以有效地担任所有它希望的和可以用债和税来扣供的费用。联盟政府在当选择税率时不 会对州之间产生歧视,而且不会对州征收出口税。第16次修正法案授权联盟政府对个人收入征税 8, State government are forbidden to levy tariffs on imports discriminate against outsides residents, or tax other states'products Most states have balanced budget requirement. 国家是被禁止对进口征收关税,禁止歧视外国居民且禁止对他国产品征税。很多州已经平衡了预算需 9, All common measures of the size of government-employees, expenditures, revenues, etc.-involve some deficiency. In particular, these items miss the impact of regulatory costs. Nonetheless, there is strong evidence that the impact of the government on the allocation of national resources has increased over time1 Translation ( Translate each of the following passage into Chinese ) 翻译 （将下列每段英文翻译成中文） Chapter 1 Summary 蔡信杰 03391004 陈 彬 03391005 1，Public finance ,also known as public sector economics or public economics, focuses on the taxing and spending activities of government and their influence on the allocation of resources and distribution of income. 财政学，即公共经济学，焦点是税收和政府支出以及它们在分配资源和分配收入上的影响。 2，Public finance economists analyze both actual policies and develop guidelines for government activities . In the latter role, economists are influenced by their attitudes toward the role of government in society. 财政学同时为政府行为分析现有方针和发展知道思路。在未来作用中，经济受到在社会中有利于政府 的关注者的影响。 3，In all organic view of society , individuals are valued only by their contribution to the realization of social goals. These goals are determined by the government. 在一种有机的社会观中，个别价值只是由它们对实现政府目标所做出贡献来评价的。而这些目标是由 政府来决定的。 4，In a mechanistic view of society ,government is a contrivance erected to further individual goals.If is not clear how the government can reconcile sometimes conflicting individual goals. 在一种机械的社会观中，政府是一个为个别长远目标而树立的设备。而政府是如何调节有时可能有矛 盾的个别目标尚不明确。 5， Individual decision making is the focus of much economics and is consistent with the mechanistic view of society adopted in this book .This does not eliminate much controversy over the appropriate role of the government in our economic. 独立地作决定是很多经济学方面的重点，也是和本书中所采用的机械的社会观相一致的，这不会除去 很多关于政府应在经济学中适合扮演的角色的争论。 6，The Constitution embodies constraints on federal and state government economic activity. 宪法体现了联盟政府和国家在经济活动中的强制性。 7，The federal government may effectively undertake any expenditures it whishes and may use debt and taxes to finance them .The federal government may not discriminate among states when choosing tax rates and may not place a levy on state exports .The 16th Amendment empowers the federal government to tax personal incomes. 联盟政府可以有效地担任所有它希望的和可以用债和税来扣供的费用。联盟政府在当选择税率时不 会对州之间产生歧视，而且不会对州征收出口税。第 16 次修正法案授权联盟政府对个人收入征税。 8，State government are forbidden to levy tariffs on imports ,discriminate against outsides residents, or tax other states’ products. Most states have balanced budget requirement. 国家是被禁止对进口征收关税，禁止歧视外国居民且禁止对他国产品征税。很多州已经平衡了预算需 求。 9，All common measures of the size of government-employees, expenditures, revenues, etc.-involve some deficiency. In particular, these items miss the impact of regulatory costs. Nonetheless , there is strong evidence that the impact of the government on the allocation of national resources has increased over time