382 18.Economic and Environmental Considerations TABLE 18.5.Proven recoverable world reserves for coal (bituminous coal including anthracite,subbituminous coal,and lignite;data for peat are omitted).Also listed are world production figures.(The numbers are given in 106 metric tons and are from 1999.) Region Production/Year Reserves Years'supply Asia 1,670 252,308 151 North America 1,080 257,906 239 Europe 1.007 312,686 310 Oceania 307 82,664 269 Africa 231 55,367 240 South America 46 21,752 473 Middle East 1 1,710 1710 Total World 4,343 984,453 227 Selected Countries USA 997 249,994 251 Russian Federation 249 157,010 630 China 1,030 114,500 111 India 314 84,396 269 Australia 304 82.090 270 Germany 202 66,000 327 South Africa 223 49,520 222 Ukraine 82 34,153 416 Poland 171 22,160 129 Canada 72 6,578 91 Mexico 10 1,211 121 Japan 773 193 North Korea 81 600 7 Source:"1999 Survey of Energy Resources,"published by the World En- ergy Council,London. Note:The estimates of coal reserves are rather vague.No standard for determining coal reserves exists. namely,to manufacture rapeseed methyl ester (RME)which can be utilized in regular diesel engines,but requires,on the other hand,an additional production process that consumes some of the contained energy.The CO2 emission of engines driven with RME is 60%less than when using diesel oil.Indeed,during the combustion of "bio-diesel"only as much carbon dioxide is gen- erated as the rape plant has taken up from the atmosphere dur- ing the growth phase.On the other hand,emission of CO2-equiv- alents result from the cultivation and the processing of rapeseed oil to RME and during the production of fertilizers and pesti- cides.(Note that natural gas combustion causes also less CO2 emission compared to diesel,specifically,by 52%.)The main382 18 • Economic and Environmental Considerations TABLE 18.5. Proven recoverable world reserves for coal (bituminous coal including anthracite, subbituminous coal, and lignite; data for peat are omitted). Also listed are world production figures. (The numbers are given in 106 metric tons and are from 1999.) Region Production/Year Reserves Years’ supply Asia 1,670 252,308 151 North America 1,080 257,906 239 Europe 1,007 312,686 310 Oceania 307 82,664 269 Africa 231 55,367 240 South America 46 21,752 473 Middle East 1 1,710 1710 Total World 4,343 984,453 227 Selected Countries USA 997 249,994 251 Russian Federation 249 157,010 630 China 1,030 114,500 111 India 314 84,396 269 Australia 304 82,090 270 Germany 202 66,000 327 South Africa 223 49,520 222 Ukraine 82 34,153 416 Poland 171 22,160 129 Canada 72 6,578 91 Mexico 10 1,211 121 Japan 4 773 193 North Korea 81 600 7 Source: “1999 Survey of Energy Resources,” published by the World En￾ergy Council, London. Note: The estimates of coal reserves are rather vague. No standard for determining coal reserves exists. namely, to manufacture rapeseed methyl ester (RME) which can be utilized in regular diesel engines, but requires, on the other hand, an additional production process that consumes some of the contained energy. The CO2 emission of engines driven with RME is 60% less than when using diesel oil. Indeed, during the combustion of “bio-diesel” only as much carbon dioxide is gen￾erated as the rape plant has taken up from the atmosphere dur￾ing the growth phase. On the other hand, emission of CO2-equiv￾alents result from the cultivation and the processing of rapeseed oil to RME and during the production of fertilizers and pesti￾cides. (Note that natural gas combustion causes also less CO2 emission compared to diesel, specifically, by 52%.) The main