hoices are taken into account, Iversen has found that"statistical percent)in equal numbers, but there was a significant gender discrimination"against women(basing judgments about indi- gap in median starting salaries: men were contracted to earn viduals from a group on average assumptions about that group) $1o, ooo more. "That's entirely explained by which sectors they che wage gender gap, while traditional sex discrimination re- a male-dominated field ). Eleven women planned to work at non mains substantial but is diminishing. He suggests that behav- governmental organizations, but no men, adds Goldin:"Men ioral differences play chose to work 8o hours a week at Goldman Sachs and make tend to negotiate better salaries or bonuses, $60,000, not including bonuses. "However, within banking or while women tend to accept what's offered, VOTES fo consulting, they report, the wage gap disappears Goldin is concerned about the "extremely large"economic tion" more than women. (Because studies WOMEN penalty for choosing to balance family and career down the line. female and male women who negotiate, female reluctance to twyers straight out of law school have ite may be self- protective against bias. similar salaries. she notes. but 10 According to the Harvard Crimson survey of the class of 2007, such factors are still in play for re- cent alphas. Women and men were heading to graduate school(22 percent) and finding jobs(5o the Internet, and grass-roots activism, on the feminism that championed "girl stuff,"fromS one hand, and on the other, through a "girlie Barbie dolls and high heels to knitting "Girl Power. "the third wave's best-known catch phrase, went mainstream as the slogan for the British pop group the Spice Girls. The U.SDe- artment of Health and Human Services even named its first girl-centered public-health initiative Girl Power! (www.girlpower.gov).Todaygirls'programming cludes cultural staples like the Ms. Foundation's original Take Our Daughters to Work Day (now Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day) and organizations like Strong Women, Strong Girls(SWSG) Even the preferred sex of infants has acquire girl-power spin " Now people say, Oh, I'm having a boy. This is going to be so difficult, "says Goldin. "We ve seen a huge shift in what is considered to be he perfect child--little girls are just easier, 'theyre "smarter,'they 'mature faster "Popular treatments of sex-difference research may be responsible Men, Get Ready to Develop Brain Envy, "declares he back cover of The Female Brain, by neuropsychic- trist Louann Brizendine. a former Harvard Medical School resident and professor Brizendine has found a generational divide in the response to her work on this biology-psychology connection. Girls and women under 30 send grateful e-mails, she says: "Younger women have come up in the world not thinking they have limitations on adjunct lecturer at the Harvard School of Public Health, found their intellect at all. They, ve embraced their own intelligence, and among the alpha girls he studies. SWSG's Lindsay Hyde'o4 re they're moving forward. But women of her own over-5o genera- ports that her volunteer mentors "have really differing levels of tion"dont like it. Theyre afraid the message will hurt women in- comfort with what feminism means. "Demonizing rants against stead of help them. If you say anything about difference, it means "male-bashing feminazis"are partly to blame, so SWSG organiza- unequal, and unequal means women lose. "Brizendine was a sec- tionally defines feminism, which "has become such a flash poi ond-waver, but now, she says, "I call myself a third-wave feminist, in the political realm, as'ensuring that everyone, men and women, hich means embracing and celebrating the differences. have access to the resources they need to make positive choices Whatever the wave, few daughters of feminism identify them- in their lives, " says Hyde. "Using that definition, I absolutely selves by the "f-word, "as Dan Kindlon, clinical psychologist and consider myself a feminist Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746choices are taken into account, Iversen has found that “statistical discrimination” against women (basing judgments about indi￾viduals from a group on average assumptions about that group) is a major cause of the wage gap. Katz believes that among col￾lege graduates, career “choice” is likely the largest factor causing the wage gender gap, while traditional sex discrimination re￾mains substantial but is diminishing. He suggests that behav￾ioral di≠erences play a secondary role: men tend to negotiate better salaries or bonuses, while women tend to accept what’s o≠ered, and men seem to thrive on “pure competi￾tion” more than women. (Because studies have found that some employers “penalize” women who negotiate, female reluctance to negotiate may be self-protective against bias.) According to the Harvard Crimson survey of the class of 2007, such factors are still in play for re￾cent alphas. Women and men were heading to graduate school (22 percent) and finding jobs (50 percent) in equal numbers, but there was a significant gender gap in median starting salaries: men were contracted to earn $10,000 more. “That’s entirely explained by which sectors they go into,” says Katz: 58 percent of men chose finance, compared to 43 percent of women (still a large percentage of women choosing a male-dominated field). Eleven women planned to work at non￾governmental organizations, but no men, adds Goldin: “Men chose to work 80 hours a week at Goldman Sachs and make $60,000, not including bonuses.” However, within banking or consulting, they report, the wage gap disappears. Goldin is concerned about the “extremely large” economic penalty for choosing to balance family and career down the line. Female and male lawyers straight out of law school have similar salaries, she notes, but 10 the Internet, and grass-roots activism, on the one hand, and on the other, through a “girlie” feminism that championed “girl stu≠,” from Barbie dolls and high heels to knitting. “Girl Power,” the third wave’s best-known catch phrase, went mainstream as the slogan for the British pop group the Spice Girls. The U.S. De￾partment of Health and Human Services even named its first girl-centered public-health initiative Girl Power! (www.girlpower.gov). Today girls’ programming in￾cludes cultural staples like the Ms. Foundation’s original Take Our Daughters to Work Day (now Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day) and organizations like Strong Women, Strong Girls (SWSG). Even the preferred sex of infants has acquired a girl-power spin. “Now people say, ‘Oh, I’m having a boy. This is going to be so di∞cult,’” says Goldin. “We’ve seen a huge shift in what is considered to be the perfect child—little girls are just ‘easier,’ they’re ‘smarter,’ they ‘mature faster.’” Popular treatments of sex-di≠erence research may be responsible: “Men, Get Ready to Develop Brain Envy,” declares the back cover of The Female Brain, by neuropsychia￾trist Louann Brizendine, a former Harvard Medical School resident and professor. Brizendine has found a generational divide in the response to her work on this biology-psychology connection. Girls and women under 30 send grateful e-mails, she says: “Younger women have come up in the world not thinking they have limitations on their intellect at all. They’ve embraced their own intelligence, and they’re moving forward.” But women of her own over-50 genera￾tion “don’t like it. They’re afraid the message will hurt women in￾stead of help them. If you say anything about di≠erence, it means unequal, and unequal means women lose.” Brizendine was a sec￾ond-waver, but now, she says, “I call myself a third-wave feminist, which means embracing and celebrating the di≠erences.” Whatever the wave, few daughters of feminism identify them￾selves by the “f-word,” as Dan Kindlon, clinical psychologist and adjunct lecturer at the Harvard School of Public Health, found among the alpha girls he studies. SWSG’s Lindsay Hyde ’04 re￾ports that her volunteer mentors “have really di≠ering levels of comfort with what feminism means.” Demonizing rants against “male-bashing feminazis” are partly to blame, so SWSG organiza￾tionally defines feminism, which “has become such a flash point in the political realm, as ‘ensuring that everyone, men and women, have access to the resources they need to make positive choices in their lives,’” says Hyde. “Using that definition, I absolutely consider myself a feminist