310 Arno C.D.Pronk and Rogier Houtman 4.4 Rigidizing Infatable Structures A rigidizable inflatable structure can be described as a structure that is flexible when inflated and becomes rigid after exposure to an external influence.Therefore it is not necessary o maintain the overpressure.There are several rigidizing techniques developed and more are still under development.They can be divided into three categories:thermosetting composite systems,thermoplastic composite systems and aluminum/polymer laminate system.Advanced rigidizing systems used for space applications are designed for specific structures and may be very expensive.In civil engineering,vacuum injection,which is a thermosetting composite system is a fea- sible way of rigidizing membranes. 4.5 Structural Optimisation The structural engineering of the membrane structure is done with the use of the software package EASY,which is based upon the finite element method (FEM).To examine the shape of the structure and its reaction to external forces.the structure is first modelled with an arch set up as a spatial truss with a defined stiffness.Then this model is used for the structural analysis of the complete structure,consisting of a membrane and supporting cables and columns.Also the deformations due to extreme loading (wind and snow loads)are examined. In order to be able to produce the synthetic arch the stiffness has to be de- termined.The pre-stress in the membrane and boundary cables causes an axial compression in the arch.Hence the curve of the arch will increase.The arch consists of synthetic fabrics rigidized by injecting resin into this fabric.By varying the use of material (e.g.thickness of the layers,layers of different materials)a range of E- moduli can be obtained.Also the moment of inertia is a variable.Therefore a variety in stiffness and bending resistance is possible.As said before,in order to find the desired shape the initial arch is designed having less curvature than ultimately was needed.an E-module of 210 GPa(210.000 N/mm2,comparable to steel)is used. The initial moment of inertia (Iy)was set at 855-10 mm4,resulting in stiffness 1.8-1012 Nmm2.First the deformations of the arch under pre-stress are calculated. The pre-stress in the membrane and the boundary cables cause the arch to deform and result in an increase of curvature. EASY-BEAM is used to determine this initial curve.Then the stiffness is used to calculate the composition of the synthetic arch,(a specific E-module with needed Iy)?? To be able to be more material-efficient a second step is taken.By adjusting the E-module from 210 GPa to 60 GPa a new stiffness is found(E/=5.14.1012 Nmm2). The initial curve of the arch is also adjusted to its new stiffness.Deformations of the curve under pre-stress are calculated,as are the deformations under extreme loading.These deformations turned out to be more than desired. A third step had to be taken.The stiffness had to be increased considerably.This is obtained by a change in the moment of inertia (I).In the first step of the design the diameter of the arch was determined at 200 mm.By enlarging this diameter to 360 mm a factor 20 of increase in ly is achieved (also a change in layer composition was introduced).Because of architectural consideration and in order to economize the use of material even more ly is varied within the arch.This is translated in a tapered cross-section,with a decrease in diameter towards the ends of the arch.310 Arno C.D. Pronk and Rogier Houtman 4.4 Rigidizing Inflatable Structures A rigidizable inflatable structure can be described as a structure that is flexible when inflated and becomes rigid after exposure to an external influence. Therefore it is not necessary o maintain the overpressure. There are several rigidizing techniques developed and more are still under development. They can be divided into three categories: thermosetting composite systems, thermoplastic composite systems and aluminum/polymer laminate system. Advanced rigidizing systems used for space applications are designed for specific structures and may be very expensive. In civil engineering, vacuum injection, which is a thermosetting composite system is a fea￾sible way of rigidizing membranes. 4.5 Structural Optimisation The structural engineering of the membrane structure is done with the use of the software package EASY, which is based upon the finite element method (FEM). To examine the shape of the structure and its reaction to external forces, the structure is first modelled with an arch set up as a spatial truss with a defined stiffness. Then this model is used for the structural analysis of the complete structure, consisting of a membrane and supporting cables and columns. Also the deformations due to extreme loading (wind and snow loads) are examined. In order to be able to produce the synthetic arch the stiffness has to be de￾termined. The pre-stress in the membrane and boundary cables causes an axial compression in the arch. Hence the curve of the arch will increase. The arch consists of synthetic fabrics rigidized by injecting resin into this fabric. By varying the use of material (e.g. thickness of the layers, layers of different materials) a range of E￾moduli can be obtained. Also the moment of inertia is a variable. Therefore a variety in stiffness and bending resistance is possible. As said before, in order to find the desired shape the initial arch is designed having less curvature than ultimately was needed. - an E-module of 210 GPa (210.000 N/mm2, comparable to steel) is used. The initial moment of inertia (Iy) was set at 855·104 mm4, resulting in stiffness 1.8·1012 Nmm2. First the deformations of the arch under pre-stress are calculated. The pre-stress in the membrane and the boundary cables cause the arch to deform and result in an increase of curvature. EASY-BEAM is used to determine this initial curve. Then the stiffness is used to calculate the composition of the synthetic arch, (a specific E-module with needed Iy.)?? To be able to be more material-efficient a second step is taken. By adjusting the E-module from 210 GPa to 60 GPa a new stiffness is found (EIy = 5.14 ·1012 Nmm2). The initial curve of the arch is also adjusted to its new stiffness. Deformations of the curve under pre-stress are calculated, as are the deformations under extreme loading. These deformations turned out to be more than desired. A third step had to be taken. The stiffness had to be increased considerably. This is obtained by a change in the moment of inertia (Iy). In the first step of the design the diameter of the arch was determined at 200 mm. By enlarging this diameter to 360 mm a factor 20 of increase in Iy is achieved (also a change in layer composition was introduced). Because of architectural consideration and in order to economize the use of material even more Iy is varied within the arch. This is translated in a tapered cross-section, with a decrease in diameter towards the ends of the arch