496T fm i-xxvi 01/10/06 22: 13 Page xix Contents·xi 14.6 Molecular Shape 500 POLYMER SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING 560 14.7 Molecular Structure 501 15.20 Polymerization 561 14.8 Molecular Configurations 503 15.21 Polymer Additives 563 14.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting 15.22 Forming Techniques for Plastics 565 Polymers 506 15.23 Fabrication of Elastomers 567 14.10 Copolymers 507 15.24 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 56 14.11 Polymer Crystallinity 508 Summary 569 14.12 Polymer Crystals 512 Important Terms and Concepts 571 14.13 Defects in Polymers 514 References 577 14.14 Diffusion in Polymeric Materials 515 Questions and Problems 572 Summary 517 Important Terms and Concepts 519 References 519 Questions and Problems 519 16. Composites 52 15. Characteristics, Applications, and 16.1 Introduction 578 Processing of Polymers 528 PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 580 arning object 16.2 Large-Particle Composites 5 5.1 Introduction 524 16.3 Dispersion-Strengthened MECHANICAL BEHLAVIOR OF POLYMERS 524 ites 5.2 Stress-Strain Behavior 524 FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 585 5.3 Macroscopic Deformation 527 16.4 Influence of Fiber Length 585 15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation 527 16.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and 15.5 Fracture of Polymers 532 Concentration 586 15.6 Miscellaneous mechanical 16.6 The Fiber phase 595 Characteristics 533 16.7 The Matrix Phase 596 MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR 16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 597 STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS 535 16.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 603 15.7 Deformation of Semicrystalline 16.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 605 16.11 Carbon-Carbon Composites 606 Polymers 535 5. 8 Factors That Influence the mechanical 16.12 Hybrid Composites 607 Properties of Semicrystalline 16.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers 538 Composites 60 15.9 Deformation of Elastomers 541 STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 610 CRYSTALLIZATION. MELTING. AND GLASS 16.14 Laminar Composites 610 TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS 544 16.15 Sandwich Panels 611 5.10 Crystallization 544 Important Terms and Concepts 615 15.11 Melting 545 References 616 15.12 The Glass Transition 545 Questions and Problems 616 15.13 Melting and Glass Transition Design Problems 619 Temperatures 546 5.14 Factors That Influence Melting and glass Transition Temperatures 547 12. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 621 15.15 Plastics 549 Learning Objectives 622 5.16 Elastomers 552 17.1 Introduction 622 5.17 Fibers 554 COBROSION OF METALS 622 15.18 Miscellaneous Applications 555 17.2 Electrochemical Considerations 623 15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials 556 17.3 Corrosion Rates 630Contents • xix 14.6 Molecular Shape 500 14.7 Molecular Structure 501 14.8 Molecular Configurations 503 14.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 506 14.10 Copolymers 507 14.11 Polymer Crystallinity 508 14.12 Polymer Crystals 512 14.13 Defects in Polymers 514 14.14 Diffusion in Polymeric Materials 515 Summary 517 Important Terms and Concepts 519 References 519 Questions and Problems 519 15. Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers 523 Learning Objectives 524 15.1 Introduction 524 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS 524 15.2 Stress–Strain Behavior 524 15.3 Macroscopic Deformation 527 15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation 527 15.5 Fracture of Polymers 532 15.6 Miscellaneous Mechanical Characteristics 533 MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS 535 15.7 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 535 15.8 Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers 538 15.9 Deformation of Elastomers 541 CRYSTALLIZATION, MELTING, AND GLASS TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS 544 15.10 Crystallization 544 15.11 Melting 545 15.12 The Glass Transition 545 15.13 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 546 15.14 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 547 POLYMER TYPES 549 15.15 Plastics 549 15.16 Elastomers 552 15.17 Fibers 554 15.18 Miscellaneous Applications 555 15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials 556 POLYMER SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING 560 15.20 Polymerization 561 15.21 Polymer Additives 563 15.22 Forming Techniques for Plastics 565 15.23 Fabrication of Elastomers 567 15.24 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 568 Summary 569 Important Terms and Concepts 571 References 571 Questions and Problems 572 Design Questions 576 16. Composites 577 Learning Objectives 578 16.1 Introduction 578 PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 580 16.2 Large-Particle Composites 580 16.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 584 FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 585 16.4 Influence of Fiber Length 585 16.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 586 16.6 The Fiber Phase 595 16.7 The Matrix Phase 596 16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 597 16.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 603 16.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 605 16.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites 606 16.12 Hybrid Composites 607 16.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 607 STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 610 16.14 Laminar Composites 610 16.15 Sandwich Panels 611 Summary 613 Important Terms and Concepts 615 References 616 Questions and Problems 616 Design Problems 619 17. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 621 Learning Objectives 622 17.1 Introduction 622 CORROSION OF METALS 622 17.2 Electrochemical Considerations 623 17.3 Corrosion Rates 630 1496T_fm_i-xxvi 01/10/06 22:13 Page xix